Factors influencing urinary excretion of retinol-binding protein in nickel-cadmium battery workers
| Categories of pack-years | Never/ever smoking | |||
| Independent variables | Coefficient (95% CI) | Independent variables | Coefficient (95% CI) | |
| Model 1 | ||||
| Log RBPU | Log CdU (μg/g CrU) | 0.142 (0.090 to 0.194) | Log CdU (μg/g CrU) | 0.143 (0.091 to 0.195) |
| (μg/g CrU) | Age (years) | 0.003 (<0.001 to 0.006) | Age (years) | 0.004 (0.001 to 0.007) |
| Gender | 0.064 (0.005 to 0.122) | Gender | 0.074 (0.016 to 0.132) | |
| Category of pack-years (medium) | 0.075 (0.009 to 0.142) | Ever smoking | 0.059 (0.010 to 0.107) | |
| Category of pack-years (high) | 0.096 (0.006 to 0.186) | |||
| Model 2 | ||||
| Log RBPU | Log CdU (μg/g CrU) CrU adjusted | 0.137 (0.085 to 0.188) | Log CdU (μg/g CrU) CrU adjusted | 0.138 (0.087 to 0.189) |
| (μg/g CrU) | Log CrU (g/l) | −0.180 (−0.278 to −0.082) | Log CrU (g/l) | −0.186 (−0.284 to −0.089) |
| Age (years) | 0.003 (−0.0001 to 0.005) | Age (years) | 0.003 (0.001 to 0.006) | |
| Gender | 0.097 (0.038 to 0.156) | Gender | 0.107 (0.049 to 0.166) | |
| Category of pack-years (medium) | 0.058 (−0.007 to 0.122) | Ever smoking | 0.054 (0.007 to 0.101) | |
| Category of pack-years (high) | 0.090 (0.004 to 0.177) | |||
| Model 3 | ||||
| Log RBPU | Log CdU (μg/l) | 0.137 (0.085 to 0.188) | Log CdU (μg/l) | 0.138 (0.087 to 0.189) |
| (μg/l) | Log CrU (g/l) | 0.750 (0.644 to 0.856) | Log CrU (g/l) | 0.743 (0.638 to 0.849) |
| Age (years) | 0.003 (0.0001 to 0.005) | Age (years) | 0.003 (0.001 to 0.006) | |
| Gender | 0.097 (0.038 to 0.156) | Gender | 0.107 (0.049 to 0.166) | |
| Category of pack-years (medium) | 0.058 (−0.007 to 0.122) | Ever smoking | 0.054 (0.007 to 0.101) | |
| Category of pack-years (high) | 0.090 (0.004 to 0.177) | |||
Model 1, N=568; models 2 and 3, N=599.
Model 1: RBPU and CdU expressed per gram creatinine and exclusion of urine samples with creatinine <0.3 and >3 g/l.
Model 2: RBPU and CdU expressed per gram creatinine but with creatinine tested as an independent variable and CdU further adjusted for creatinine on the basis of the simple regression coefficient.
Model 3: RBPU and CdU expressed per litre with creatinine tested as an independent variable.
CdU, concentration of cadmium in urine; CrU, concentration of creatinine in urine; RBPU, concentration of retinol-binding protein in urine.