Current exposed (0–18.8 years) | Tertiles of accumulated exposure time | p For trend† | |||
Short (0–0.3 years) | Medium (0.4–1.5 years) | Long (1.6–18.8 years) | |||
Pulse rate (bpm)‡ | |||||
Model 1 | −2.34 (−3.46 to −1.23) | −1.19 (−2.79 to 0.41) | −2.90 (−4.50 to −1.30) | −2.94 (−4.49 to −1.39) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | −1.29 (−2.50 to −0.08) | −0.59 (−2.38 to 1.21) | −1.81 (−3.49 to −0.13) | −1.49 (−3.06 to 0.08) | 0.019 |
Model 3 | −1.27 (−2.62 to 0.09) | −0.83 (−2.78 to 1.13) | −1.59 (−3.36 to 0.18) | −1.38 (−3.47 to 0.72) | 0.038 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)‡ | |||||
Model 1 | 1.84 (0.74 to 2.94) | 0.53 (−1.23 to 2.29) | 1.51 (−0.58 to 3.60) | 3.52 (1.79 to 5.24) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 0.38 (−0.67 to 1.42) | 1.39 (−0.10 to 2.87) | 0.25 (−1.63 to 2.13) | −0.55 (−2.32 to 1.22) | 0.879 |
Model 3 | 0.39 (−0.90 to 1.67) | 1.56 (−0.16 to 3.28) | 0.11 (−2.03 to 2.24) | −0.54 (−2.44 to 1.37) | 0.850 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)‡ | |||||
Model 1 | 1.62 (0.72 to 2.53) | −0.13 (−1.37 to 1.11) | 1.69 (0.02 to 3.36) | 3.33 (1.97 to 4.69) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 0.58 (−0.29 to 1.46) | −0.08 (−1.24 to 1.07) | 0.71 (−0.78 to 2.21) | 1.14 (−0.20 to 2.49) | 0.077 |
Model 3 | 0.74 (−0.40 to 1.88) | 0.03 (−1.54 to 1.59) | 1.22 (−0.50 to 2.95) | 0.97 (−0.49 to 2.44) | 0.102 |
Isolated systolic hypertension§ | |||||
Model 1 | 0.89 (0.68 to 1.17) | 0.49 (0.24 to 0.99) | 0.96 (0.52 to 1.75) | 1.26 (0.91 to 1.73) | 0.673 |
Model 2 | 0.98 (0.73 to 1.33) | 0.61 (0.30 to 1.21) | 1.07 (0.57 to 1.99) | 1.24 (0.86 to 1.81) | 0.179 |
Model 3 | 1.36 (0.93 to 1.99) | 1.20 (0.54 to 2.67) | 1.53 (0.74 to 3.18) | 1.32 (0.81 to 2.17) | 0.133 |
Isolated diastolic hypertension§ | |||||
Model 1 | 2.03 (1.33 to 3.09) | 1.58 (0.94 to 2.66) | 1.64 (0.88 to 3.04) | 2.92 (1.71 to 4.98) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 1.43 (0.90 to 2.25) | 1.22 (0.70 to 2.13) | 1.15 (0.58 to 2.26) | 1.90 (1.07 to 3.37) | 0.058 |
Model 3 | 1.52 (0.92 to 2.53) | 1.12 (0.60 to 2.10) | 1.26 (0.58 to 2.74) | 2.23 (1.21 to 4.12) | 0.025 |
Systodiastolic hypertension§ | |||||
Model 1 | 1.02 (0.70 to 1.50) | 1.31 (0.76 to 2.27) | 1.12 (0.60 to 2.07) | 0.64 (0.31 to 1.34) | 0.584 |
Model 2 | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.19) | 1.73 (0.97 to 3.05) | 1.26 (0.64 to 2.49) | 0.54 (0.25 to 1.17) | 0.473 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (0.61 to 1.64) | 1.80 (0.94 to 3.42) | 1.06 (0.48 to 2.38) | 0.45 (0.19 to 1.08) | 0.237 |
Self-reported hypertension§ | |||||
Model 1 | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.21) | 0.84 (0.60 to 1.17) | 0.88 (0.59 to 1.31) | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.61) | 0.651 |
Model 2 | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.39) | 1.22 (0.89 to 1.69) | 1.03 (0.66 to 1.62) | 1.07 (0.78 to 1.46) | 0.611 |
Model 3 | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.47) | 1.21 (0.85 to 1.72) | 1.10 (0.69 to 1.75) | 1.08 (0.76 to 1.54) | 0.562 |
General hypertension§ ¶ | |||||
Model 1 | 1.07 (0.88 to 1.30) | 0.86 (0.65 to 1.15) | 1.08 (0.73 to 1.61) | 1.30 (1.01 to 1.66) | 0.144 |
Model 2 | 1.17 (0.93 to 1.46) | 1.25 (0.93 to 1.68) | 1.24 (0.79 to 1.95) | 1.04 (0.77 to 1.40) | 0.409 |
Model 3 | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.50) | 1.16 (0.83 to 1.63) | 1.29 (0.80 to 2.07) | 1.09 (0.79 to 1.51) | 0.307 |
↵* The never exposed group was the reference category, please see table 1 for sample size in each column. Model 1 was bivariable analysis; model 2 adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, educational level, physical activity, cigarette smoking and diabetes; model 3 additionally adjusted for annual family income, pack-years of cigarette smoking, passive smoking in the workplace or at home, alcohol drinking, waist circumference and total cholesterol.
↵† p Is for linear trend across tertile groups.
↵‡ β Coefficient (95% CI) from linear regression represents mean difference between a specific exposed group and the never exposed group.
↵§ Odds ratio (95% CI).
↵¶ Systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or self-reported hypertension.