Model | Exposure | Cardiovascular(n = 6137),RR (95% CI) | Ischaemic heart disease(n = 3521),RR (95% CI) | Cerebrovascular(n = 1175),RR (95% CI) | Heart failure(n = 422),RR (95% CI) | Cardiac dysrhythmia(n = 339)RR (95% CI) |
Air pollution indicators | Background black smoke | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.28) | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.22) | 1.39 (0.99 to 1.94) | 1.75 (1.00 to 3.05) | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.79) |
Traffic intensity on nearest road | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.12) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 0.82 (0.68 to 1.00) | 1.07 (0.86 to 1.34) | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.36) | |
Traffic noise exposure | Traffic noise 50–55 dB(A) | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.04) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.38) | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.36) |
Traffic noise 55–60 dB(A) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.08) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.05) | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.32) | 1.08 (0.80 to 1.46) | |
Traffic noise 60–65 dB(A) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.11) | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.80) | 1.04 (0.67 to 1.61) | 1.08 (0.67 to 1.72) | |
Traffic noise >65 dB(A) | 1.25 (1.01 to 1.53) | 1.15 (0.86 to 1.53) | 0.88 (0.52 to 1.50) | 1.99 (1.05 to 3.79) | 1.23 (0.50 to 3.01) | |
Both air pollution indicators and traffic noise exposure | Background black smoke | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.28) | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.22) | 1.41 (1.01 to 1.97) | 1.76 (1.01 to 3.08) | 0.94 (0.50 to 1.76) |
Traffic intensity on nearest road | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.13) | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.21) | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.32) | 1.01 (0.75 to 1.36) | |
Traffic noise 50–55 dB(A) | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.09) | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.04) | 1.07 (0.83 to 1.37) | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.36) | |
Traffic noise 55–60 dB(A) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.06) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.29) | 1.09 (0.80 to 1.47) | |
Traffic noise 60–65 dB(A) | 0.88 (0.78 to 1.00) | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.06) | 0.61 (0.44 to 0.84) | 1.01 (0.64 to 1.59) | 1.07 (0.66 to 1.76) | |
Traffic noise >65 dB(A) | 1.17 (0.94 to 1.45) | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.36) | 0.95 (0.55 to 1.66) | 1.90 (0.96 to 3.78) | 1.23 (0.48 to 3.13) |
*Adjusted for age, gender, smoking status and area level indicators of socio-economic status.
Relative risks for continuous variables were calculated for changes from the 5th to the 95th percentile, for black smoke (10 μg/m3 increment) and for traffic intensity on the nearest road (10 000 mvh/24 h increment). Relative risks for traffic noise in categories were calculated with category ⩽50 dB(A) as reference category. dB(A), A-weighted average sound pressure decibel levels; n, number of cases; RR, relative risk.