| Authors | Follow-up | Study population | WAI outcome | Determinant | Measure of association (95% CI) | Adjustments* |
| Tuomi et al 199124 | L (4 years) 1981–1985 | 4255 municipal workers, mean age 50 years | Change in WAI | High physical demands | β −0.06 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B |
| Good possibilities to develop | β 0.03 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Poor physical environment | β −0.05 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Poor work schedule | β −0.03 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Physical stress at work | β −0.08 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| 1064 municipal workers with musculoskeletal disease | Change in WAI | Muscular work | β −0.09 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||
| Poor work posture | β −0.10 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Change of workload in the past 2 years | β −0.07 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Poor work temperature | β −0.16 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Poor management | β −0.10 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Lack of freedom | β −0.07 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Poor work schedule | β −0.08 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| 522 municipal workers with cardiovascular disease | Change in WAI | Muscular work | β −0.27 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||
| Sitting work | β −0.15 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Responsibility for people | β 0.10 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Poor tools and rooms | β −0.08 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Poor physical climate | β −0.10 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Noisy and restless workplace | β −0.09 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Poor work schedule | β −0.07 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| 118 municipal workers with mental disease | Change in WAI | Lack of freedom | β −0.27 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||
| Tuomi et al 199726 | L (11 years) 1981–1992 | 818 municipal workers, mean age 47 years | Increase (+⩾3) in WAI | No harmful lack of freedom | OR 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0) | None |
| Decreased noisy and restless workplace | OR 3.4 (1.6 to 7.2) | 1A 3B 4B, C 5A | ||||
| Decreased management strain | OR 2.0 (1.0 to 3.7) | 1A 3B 4B, C 5A | ||||
| Decreased role ambiguity | OR 2.1 (0.9 to 5.1) | None | ||||
| Increased freedom | OR 2.8 (1.0 to 7.8) | None | ||||
| Increased satisfaction with supervisor’s attitude | OR 3.6 (1.8 to 7.2) | 3B, 5A | ||||
| Decrease (−⩾10) | Decreased possibilities for development and influence at work | OR 2.4 (1.4 to 4.3) | 1A 3B 4B, C 5A, B | |||
| Increased role ambiguity | OR 1.9 (1.4 to 2.7) | 1A 3B 4B, C 5A, B | ||||
| Decreased freedom | OR 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) | None | ||||
| Decreased possibility for recognition and esteem at work | OR 2.4 (1.4 to 4.3) | 3B 5A, B | ||||
| Increase (+⩾3) in WAI | Decreased muscular work | OR 2.8 (1.2 to 6.6) | None | |||
| Improved work postures | OR 2.9 (1.3 to 6.5) | 1A 3B 4B, C 5A | ||||
| Decreased repetitive movements | OR 2.1 (1.0 to 3.4) | 3B, 4C | ||||
| Tuomi et al 199726 | L (11 years) 1981–1992 | 818 municipal workers, mean age 47 years | Decrease (−⩾10) | Poor work temperature | OR 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 3B 5A, B |
| Increased muscular work | OR 1.8 (1.2 to 2.8) | 3B 5A, B | ||||
| Increased difficult work postures | OR 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) | None | ||||
| Increased standing in one place | OR 1.7 (1.0 to 2.9) | 3B 4C 5A, B | ||||
| Tuomi et al 200427 | L (2 years) 1998–2000 | 1389 Finnish active workers in metal industry and retail, mean age 43.9 years | Increase in WAI | Increase in opportunities for influence | β 0.51 (Sign.) | 1A, B 3B, C 4A, B, C 5A, B |
| Increase in promotion of employee well-being | β 0.53 (Sign.) | 1A, B 3B, C 4A, B, C 5A, B | ||||
| Decrease in uncertainty at the workplace | β 0.70 (Sign.) | 1A, B 3B, C 4A, B, C 5A, B | ||||
| Decrease in mental demands at work | β 0.89 (Sign.) | 1A, B 3B, C 4A, B, C 5A, B | ||||
| Decrease in physical demands at work | β 1.35 (Sign.) | 1A, B 3B, C 4A, B, C 5A, B |
*For the identification of the covariates, see table 6.
β, linear regression coefficient; F, females; L, longitudinal study design; M, males; OR, odds ratio; Sign., p<0.05.