| Authors | Follow-up | Study population | WAI outcome | Determinant | Measure of association (95% CI) | Adjustments* |
| Laitinen et al 200516 | L (17 years) T1: 1997 | 2674 Finnish workers (M), mean age 14 years | Poor WAI (lowest 15%) | BMI ⩾24.5 kg/m2 | OR 1.5 (0.8 to 3.0) | 1C, 3C |
| BMI <15.49 kg/m2 | OR 2.2 (1.1 to 4.7) | 1C, 3C | ||||
| Always overweight during follow-up | OR 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) | 1C, 3C | ||||
| 2948 Finnish workers (F), mean age 14 years | Poor WAI (lowest 15%) | BMI ⩾24.5 kg/m2 | OR 2.0 (1.1 to 3.2) | 1C, 3C | ||
| BMI <15.49 kg/m2 | OR 2.8 (1.6 to 5.1) | 1C, 3C | ||||
| Always overweight during follow-up | OR 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) | 1C, 3C | ||||
| Pohjonen 200119 | L (5 years) 1993–1998 | 132 home care workers (F), mean age 41 years | Decrease WAI classification | Poor balance | OR 6.53 (1.84 to 23.25) | 1A, T0 |
| Poor sit-up | OR 8.88 (2.42 to 32.60) | 1A, T0 | ||||
| Poor VO2max (ml/min/kg) | OR 1.94 (0.44 to 8.54) | 1A, T0 | ||||
| BMI ⩾30 kg/m2 | OR 7.51 (1.88 to 30.0) | 1A, T0 | ||||
| Punakallio et al 200422 | L (3 years) 1996–1999 | 135 fire-fighters (M), mean age 40.7 years | Decrease WAI classification | Poor functional balance | OR 3.6 (1.0 to 12.7) | 1A, T0 |
| Poor sway amplitude (mm) | OR 2.3 (0.9 to 6.1) | 1A, T0 | ||||
| Poor-to-moderate perceived balance | OR 2.4 (0.9 to 6.6) | 1A, T0 | ||||
| Tuomi et al 199124 | L (4 years) 1981–1985 | 4255 municipal workers, mean age 50 years | Decrease in WAI | Age (years) | β −0.10 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B |
| BMI (kg/m2) | β −0.05 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Cigarette smoker | β −0.04 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| 1064 municipal workers with musculoskeletal disease | Marital status (no/yes) | β −0.06 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | |||
| Low basic education | β −0.15 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Life satisfaction | β 0.11 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Physical exercise | β 0.08 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Age (years) | β −0.13 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| 522 municipal workers with cardiovascular disease | Low basic education | β −0.16 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | |||
| Life satisfaction | β 0.19 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Physical exercise | β 0.10 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Age (years) | β −0.09 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| 118 municipal workers with mental disease | Low basic education | β −0.19 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | |||
| Life satisfaction | β 0.23 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Age (years) | β −0.16 (Sign.) | 1A 3A, C 4A, C 5A, B | ||||
| Tuomi et al 199726 | L (11 years) 1981–1992 | 818 municipal workers, mean age 47 years | Increase (⩾3) in WAI | Age (years) | OR 1.0 (0.9 to 1.2) | 1A 3B 4B 5A, B |
| Decline (⩾10) in WAI | Age (years) | OR 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1A 3B 4B 5A, B | |||
| Increase (⩾3) in WAI | Increased vigorous physical exercise | OR 1.8 (1.0 to 3.5) | 5A, 4C | |||
| Decline (⩾10) in WAI | Decreased vigorous physical exercise | OR 1.8 (1.2 to 2.8) | 5A, B 4C | |||
| Tuomi et al 200427 | L (2 years) 1998–2000 | 1389 metal and retail workers, mean age 43.9 years | Increase in WAI | Improvements in economic position | β 0.53 (Sign.) | 1A, B 3B, C 4A, B, C, 5A, B |
| Increase in physical exercise | β 0.29 (Sign.) | 1A, B 3C 4A, B, C 5A, B |
*For the identification of the covariates, see table 6.
β, linear regression coefficient; BMI, body mass index; F, females; L, longitudinal study design; M, males; OR, odds ratio; Sign., p<0.05; T0, baseline results; VO2max, maximum oxygen consumption.