| Authors | Study population | WAI | Determinant | Association (95% CI) | Adjustments* |
| Eskelinen et al 199113 | 89 municipal workers (M), mean age 53 years | Poor WAI (lowest 25%) | Reduced cardiorespiratory capacity | OR 1.85 (0.42 to 8.19) | None |
| Impaired mental performance level | OR 1.75 (0.62 to 4.96) | None | |||
| 85 municipal workers (F), mean age 52years | Poor WAI (lowest 25%) | Impaired musculoskeletal capacity | OR 9.12 (2.96 to 28.07) | None | |
| Impaired mental performance level | OR 1.65 (0.56 to 4.85) | None | |||
| Fischer et al 200614 | 696 care givers, mean age 34.9 years | WAI <37 | Sole breadwinner versus double income | OR 1.92 (1.32 to 2.81) | 1A, E 3A 4C 5A, B |
| Raising underage children | OR 1.56 (1.06 to 2.29) | 1A, D 3A 4C 5A, B | |||
| Age ⩾40 years | OR 0.71 (0.47 to 0.97) | 1D, E 3A 4C 5A, B | |||
| BMI ⩾30 kg/m2 | OR 2.71 (1.55 to 4.77) | 1A, D, E 4C 5A, B | |||
| Goedhard et al 199815 | 141 workers, mean age 39.5 years | WAI 7–49 | Age (years) | β −0.28 (Sign.) | None |
| VO2max (ml/kg/min) | β 0.17 (Sign.) | Sickness claims (/year) | |||
| Kaleta et al 200628 | 94 workers (M), mean age 43.5 years | WAI <37 | BMI >30 kg/m2 | OR 0.29 (0.03 to 3.07) | 3B, C |
| Current smoker | OR 1.61 (0.30 to 8.60) | 3A, B | |||
| LT physical activity <1000 kcal/week | OR 7.18 (1.10 to 31.09) | 3A, C | |||
| Fibre intake <30 g/day | OR 27.63 (3.44 to 221.71) | None | |||
| 93 workers (F), mean age 42.3 years | WAI <37 | BMI >30 kg/m2 | OR 1.37 (0.36 to 8.15) | 3B, C | |
| Current smoker | OR 14.84 (3.07 to 26.42) | 3A, B | |||
| LT physical activity <750 kcal/week | OR 2.70 (1.82 to 8.46) | 3A, C | |||
| Laitinen et al 200516 | 2674 Finnish workers (M), mean age 31 years | Poor WAI (lowest 15%) | BMI ⩾35.0 kg/m2 | OR 1.00 (0.4 to 2.4) | 1C, 3C |
| Waist-to-hip ratio ⩾1.0 | OR 1.80 (1.2 to 2.8) | 1C, 3C | |||
| 2948 Finnish workers (F), mean age 31 years | Poor WAI (lowest 15%) | BMI ⩾35.0 kg/m2 | OR 2.70 (1.7 to 4.4) | 1C, 3C | |
| Waist-to-hip ratio ⩾1.0 | OR 2.10 (1.3 to 3.3) | 1C, 3C | |||
| Martinez and Latorre 200629 | 224 office workers, mean age 34.7 years | WAI <37 | Age ⩾40 years | OR 0.84 (0.37 to 1.91) | None |
| Female | OR 1.43 (0.67 to 2.99) | None | |||
| Low income | OR 0.98 (0.47 to 2.03) | None | |||
| Low education | OR 1.09 (0.51 to 2.30) | None | |||
| Not married | OR 1.12 (0.54 to 2.33) | None | |||
| Monteiro et al 200617 | 651 municipal workers | WAI <36.5 | Age group ⩾55 years | OR 1.9 (1.18 to 3.18) | 1B, C, E 3B, C, A |
| Female | OR 1.3 (0.90 to 2.12) | 1A, C, E 3B, C, A | |||
| Low education | OR 1.2 (1.01 to 1.55) | 1A, B, E 3B, C, A | |||
| Nygard et al 199118 | 137 municipal workers, mean age 55 years | Poor WAI (lowest 25%) | Poor trunk muscular endurance | OR 6.39 (2.41 to 16.94) | None |
| Impaired mental performance | OR 1.54 (0.61 to 3.92) | None | |||
| Pohjonen 2001b20 | 636 home care workers (F), mean age 42.3 years | Decrease in WAI classification | Age 50–62 versus 19–34 | OR 3.57 (2.04 to 5.88) | 1C, E 3B 4A, B, C 5A |
| Hard life situation outside work | OR 1.96 (1.03 to 3.75) | 1A, C 3B 4A, B, C 5A | |||
| LT physical activity <1 time a week | OR 1.77 (0.88 to 3.55) | None | |||
| Punakallio et al 200422 | 135 fire-fighters (M), mean age 40.7 years | Decrease in WAI classification | Poor functional balance | OR 2.4 (0.9 to 5.4) | 1A |
| Poor sway velocity (mm/s) | OR 1.8 (0.7 to 4.5) | 1A | |||
| Poor mean amplitude (mm) | OR 1.3 (0.5 to 3.2) | 1A | |||
| Poor-to-moderate perceived balance | OR 9.8 (3.8 to 24.9) | 1A | |||
| Sjogren-Ronka et al 200223 | 88 office workers, mean age 45.7 years | WAI 7–49 | Good spine forward flexion | β 0.24 (Sign.) | 2A, C 3B |
| High self-confidence | β 0.29 (Sign.) | 2A, B, C 3B | |||
| Tuomi et al 200125 | 1101 Finnish active workers, mean age 58.4 years | WAI 7–49 | Physical exercise during free time | β 1.07 (Sign.) | 3C |
| Alcohol drinking (yes/no) | β 1.53 (Sign.) | 3B, C | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | β −0.78 (Sign.) | 3B, C | |||
| Smoking | β 0.57 (p 0.30) | 3B |
*For the identification of the covariates, see table 6.
β, linear regression coefficient; BMI, body mass index; F, females; LT, leisure time; M, males; OR, odds ratio; Sign., p<0.05; VO2max, maximum oxygen consumption.