Pollutant and exposure period | Population† | Mean difference (95% CI) |
PM2.5 | ||
Previous 30 days | Full sample | −0.017 (−0.087 to 0.052) |
Within 10 km | 0.026 (−0.067 to 0.119) | |
Previous 60 days | Full sample | −0.040 (−0.121 to 0.042) |
Within 10 km | −0.013 (−0.122 to 0.097) | |
PM10 | ||
Previous 30 days | Full sample | −0.042 (−0.085 to 0.002) |
Within 10 km | −0.023 (−0.079 to 0.034) | |
Previous 60 days | Full sample | −0.056 (−0.106 to −0.005) |
Within 10 km | −0.040 (−0.106 to 0.025) | |
Previous two decade exposure | ||
(1982–2002), from AUC | ||
for monthly levels | ||
PM10 from nearest | Full sample | −0.019 (−0.072 to 0.033) |
monitors | Within 10 km | 0.009 (−0.067 to 0.085) |
Imputed exposures‡ | ||
PM10 | Full sample | −0.002 (−0.038 to 0.035) |
Within 10 km | 0.016 (−0.033 to 0.066) | |
PM2.5 | Full sample | 0.002 (−0.048 to 0.052) |
Within 10 km | −0.012 (−0.076 to 0.053) |
*Adjustment: baseline covariates (degrees of freedom): age (1), gender (1), race (3), BMI (1), cigarette status (never, former, current) (2), environmental tobacco smoke exposure (1), per cent dietary protein (1).
†Population: full sample (n = 3901) had exposure estimated using nearest monitor, regardless of distance from reported residential address. 2611 participants lived within 10 km of a monitor.
‡Imputations from time–space model using monitor data, temperature and visibility (see text). These imputations did not use the nearest monitor approach but are reported for the two populations, defined by monitor proximity, for comparison with the other estimates.
AUC, area under the curve; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; UACR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.