Table 2 Dose–response association between managerial leadership and incident ischaemic heart disease among employees

Years at current workplace prior to survey (years)*	Men, n	Risk for incident IHD (including unstable angina)† per 1 SD increase in leadership score		Risk for incident IHD (excluding unstable angina)‡ per 1 SD increase in leadership score
Years at current workplace prior to survey (years)*	Men, n	Events, n	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	Events, n	Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Any amount of years	3122	74	0.80 (0.64 to 0.99)	54	0.79 (0.62 to 1.02)
At least 1 year	2423	63	0.76 (0.61 to 0.96)	44	0.72 (0.55 to 0.94)
At least 2 years	2012	58	0.77 (0.61 to 0.97)	40	0.73 (0.55 to 0.97)
At least 3 years	1768	51	0.69 (0.54 to 0.88)	34	0.66 (0.49 to 0.88)
At least 4 years	1468	44	0.61 (0.47 to 0.80)	29	0.55 (0.40 to 0.77)

Age-adjusted hazard ratio is per 1 SD increase in standardised leadership index score (mean 0, SD 1).
*Based on Statistic Sweden records (the number of years the participant had worked in the workplace prior to filling out the leadership questionnaire).
†Includes acute myocardial infarction (ICD-10: I21) or unstable angina (ICD-10: I20.0) necessitating hospitalisation or death from ischaemic heart disease (ICD-10:I20–I25) or cardiac arrest (ICD-10: I46).
‡Includes acute myocardial infarction (ICD-10: I21) necessitating hospitalisation or death from ischaemic heart disease (ICD-10: I20–I25) or cardiac arrest (ICD-10: I46).
IHD, ischaemic heart disease.