(1) Light physical work (white-collar workers), such as teachers, office clerks and housewives | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(2) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. >90° trunk flexion for 5–10% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(3) Machine operators comprised earthmover operators and longshoremen specialised in motorised stevedoring. Machine operators are exposed to low-frequency whole-body vibration and to static load due to prolonged sitting in a constrained posture and the handling of steering apparatus. Their work occasionally includes materials handling and maintenance of machines. The machine used most commonly by longshoremen is a forklift truck. Earthmover operators use heavier machinery, such as excavators, bulldozers, wheel-loaders, etc, in preparing the ground for buildings and in road construction. | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(4) Employees of an automobile assembly plant during 1984 and 1985 from four major production departments: body, paint, trim and chassis. For each worker one job was selected for videotaping and analysis. Most jobs were machine- paced and highly repetitive; the speed of the line throughout the plant was approximately 60 units per hour. Peak biomechanical forces on the spine were analysed for postures where a load weighing at least 10 lbs was held in the hands. 20°–45° trunk flexion ⩽10% of the work cycle | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(5) Warehouse workers | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(6) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. <30° trunk flexion for 5–10% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(7) Employees of an automobile assembly plant during 1984 and 1985 from four major production departments: body, paint, trim and chassis. For each worker one job was selected for videotaping and analysis. Most jobs were machine-paced and highly repetitive; the speed of the line throughout the plant was approximately 60 units per hour. Peak biomechanical forces on the spine were analysed for postures where a load weighing at least 10 lbs was held in the hands. 0°–20° trunk flexion ⩽10% of the work cycle | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(8) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. 30°–60° trunk flexion for ⩽5% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(9) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs, and caring professions were included in this study. >15 lifts of ⩾25 kg per working day | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(10) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. 30°–60° trunk flexion for 5–10% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(11) Employees of an automobile assembly plant during 1984 and 1985 from four major production departments: body, paint, trim and chassis. For each worker one job was selected for videotaping and analysis. Most jobs were machine-paced and highly repetitive; the speed of the line throughout the plant was approximately 60 units per hour. Peak biomechanical forces on the spine were analysed for postures where a load weighing at least 10 lbs was held in the hands. Lateral bend or twist >20° for >10% of the work cycle | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(12) Moderate physical work, such as nurses, shop assistants, bakers and light-industry workers with a minimum of 10 years exposure | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(13) Employees of an automobile assembly plant during 1984 and 1985 from four major production departments: body, paint, trim and chassis. For each worker one job was selected for videotaping and analysis. Most jobs were machine-paced and highly repetitive; the speed of the line throughout the plant was approximately 60 units per hour. Peak biomechanical forces on the spine were analysed for postures where a load weighing at least 10 lbs was held in the hands. 20°–45° trunk flexion for >10% of the work cycle | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(14) Hospital worker | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(15) Warehouse worker | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(16) Employees of an automobile assembly plant during 1984 and 1985 from four major production departments: body, paint, trim and chassis. For each worker one job was selected for videotaping and analysis. Most jobs were machine-paced and highly repetitive; the speed of the line throughout the plant was approximately 60 units per hour. Peak biomechanical forces on the spine were analysed for postures where a load weighing at least 10 lbs was held in the hands. 0°–20° trunk flexion for >10% of the work cycle | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(17) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. <30° trunk flexion for >10% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(18) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. <30° trunk flexion for ⩽5% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(19) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. 1–15 lifts of ⩾25 kg per working day | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(20) Employees of an automobile assembly plant during 1984 and 1985 from four major production departments: body, paint, trim and chassis. For each worker one job was selected for videotaping and analysis. Most jobs were machine-paced and highly repetitive; the speed of the line throughout the plant was approximately 60 units per hour. Peak biomechanical forces on the spine were analysed for postures where a load weighing at least 10 lbs was held in the hands. Lateral bend or twist >20° for 0–10% of the work cycle | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(21) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. >90° trunk flexion for ⩽5% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(22) Heavy physical work (blue-collar workers), such as carpenters, bricklayers and heavy-industry workers with a minimum of 10 years exposure | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(23) A population-based study of about 17 000 persons comprised all men and women of ages 10–59 years in the municipality and rural district of Norrtälje in central Sweden. Highly exposed in forward bending and manual materials handling | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(24) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. 60°–90° trunk flexion for >10% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(25) Municipal office workers were non- executive office workers. About 40% of them performed clerical work with routine office tasks; others were professionals. | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(26) A population-based study of about 17 000 persons comprised all men and women of ages 10–59 years in the municipality and rural district of Norrtälje in central Sweden. Not highly exposed in forward bending and manual materials handling | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(27) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. >90° trunk flexion for >10% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(28) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. 60°–90° trunk flexion for ⩽5% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(29) Construction carpenters were selected to represent dynamic physical work. They were skilled construction workers whose task is to build molds, scaffolds, walls, roofs, floors and other structures made of wood. A carpenter’s work is primarily dynamic muscular work with varying postures and loads, but it also includes tasks causing static loading on the musculoskeletal system. | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(30) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs, and caring professions were included in this study. Never lifting ⩾25 kg during the working day | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(31) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. 30°–60° trunk flexion for >10% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(32) Workers in blue-collar, white-collar jobs and caring professions were included in this study. 60°–90° trunk flexion for 5–10% of working time | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
(33) Machine operators comprised earthmover operators and longshoremen specialised in motorised stevedoring. Machine operators are exposed to low-frequency whole-body vibration and to static load due to prolonged sitting in a constrained posture and the handling of steering apparatus. Their work occasionally includes materials handling and maintenance of machines. The machine used most commonly by longshoremen is a forklift truck. Earthmover operators use heavier machinery, such as excavators, bulldozers, wheel-loaders, etc, in preparing the ground for buildings and in road construction. | Posture | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Average: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Weight | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Total: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Spinal load | | | | | | | | |
Peak: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Cumulative: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |
Confidence: | 1□ | 2□ | 3□ | 4□ | 5□ | 6□ | 7□ | NA □ |