Table 2 Per cent increase in cause-specific hospital admissions per specific increase in pollutant, using single lag and cumulative lag models, with various exposure metrics
Ischaemic heart diseaseCerebrovascularAsthmaPneumonia
PM2.5 (% change in admissions per 20 μg/m3)
    Exposure based on 2 monitors
        L03.48 (−0.39 to 7.51)−2.22 (−50.2 to 0.67)0.46 (−2.41 to 3.42)0.06 (−2.74 to 2.94)
        L13.55 (−0.30 to 7.56)−1.30 (−4.08 to 1.55)−1.36 (−4.33 to 1.71)0.34 (−2.446 to 3.20)
        L23.32 (−0.50 to 7.29)0.24 (−2.49 to 3.04)−0.83 (−3.67 to 2.10)−0.59 (−3.38 to 2.29)
        L32.80 (−1.04 to 6.79)1.21 (−1.41 to 3.90)−0.78 (−3.63 to 2.16)−0.44 (−3.22 to 2.41)
        L038.38 (2.28 to 14.84)−1.45 (−5.58 to 2.87)−1.75 (−6.21 to 2.92)−0.61 (−4.87 to 3.85)
PM10 (% change in admissions per 28 μg/m3)
    Taipei area (13 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.82
        L01.91 (−1.25 to 5.17)−1.41 (−3.80 to 1.04)2.63 (−0.01 to 5.35)0.75 (−1.80 to 3.36)
        L10.39 (−2.73 to 3.61)−1.95 (−4.31 to 0.48)1.79 (−0.82 to 4.48)0.16 (−2.36 to 2.74)
        L21.80 (−1.33 to 5.04)0.77 (−1.62 to 3.23)2.20 (−0.41 to 4.88)0.47 (−2.04 to 3.03)
        L32.01 (−1.14 to 5.26)2.64 (0.21 to 5.12)1.87 (−0.71 to 4.50)−0.70 (−3.19 to 1.85)
        L032.91 (−1.52 to 7.55)0.01 (−3.33 to 3.47)4.48 (0.71 to 8.38)0.31 (−3.22 to 3.97)
    Taipei City (5 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.89
        L02.08 (−1.04 to 5.30)−1.27 (−3.64 to 1.16)2.53 (−0.09 to 5.21)0.88 (−1.64 to 3.46)
        L10.43 (−2.64 to 3.60)−2.13 (−4.47 to 0.27)1.60 (−0.98 to 4.25)0.50 (−1.98 to 3.05)
        L22.17 (−0.92 to 5.36)0.85 (−1.52 to 3.28)2.21 (−0.37 to 4.86)0.59 (−1.88 to 3.13)
        L32.16 (−0.94 to 5.36)2.52 (0.13 to 4.97)2.08 (−0.47 to 4.69)−0.72 (−3.18 to 1.79)
        L033.40 (−1.19 to 8.20)−0.07 (−3.53 to 3.51)4.68 (0.78 to 8.73)0.83 (−2.83 to 4.62)
    Monitors with ⩾0.75 between monitor correlations (12 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.86
        L01.82 (−1.29 to 5.03)−1.34 (−3.70 to 1.07)2.56 (−0.04 to 5.23)0.86 (−1.67 to 3.41)
        L10.35 (−2.72 to 3.52)−1.98 (−4.31 to 0.40)1.63 (−0.95 to 4.26)0.12 (−2.35 to 2.65)
        L21.93 (−1.15 to 5.10)0.80 (−1.56 to 3.22)1.97 (−0.59 to 4.60)0.52 (−1.94 to 3.05)
        L31.93 (−1.16 to 5.12)2.61 (0.22 to 5.05)2.78 (−0.75 to 4.37)−0.53 (−2.98 to 1.97)
        L032.86 (−1.63 to 7.54)−0.02 (−3.40 to 3.49)4.27 (0.47 to 8.22)0.65 (−2.93 to 4.36)
NO2 (% change in admissions per 10 ppb)
    Taipei area (13 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.73
        L04.81 (1.04 to 8.71)0.43 (−2.36 to 3.29)1.46 (−1.68 to 4.70)1.34 (−1.67 to 4.45)
        L12.45 (−1.24 to 6.27)−1.37 (−4.10 to 1.43)0.20 (−2.88 to 3.38)0.32 (−2.63 to 3.37)
        L20.28 (−3.26 to 3.95)1.57 (−1.15 to 4.36)−0.14 (−3.11 to 2.92)−0.07 (−2.94 to 2.89)
        L31.08 (−2.46 to 4.75)2.75 (0.02 to 5.55)−0.01 (−2.95 to 3.02)−0.85 (−3.68 to 2.07)
        L031.30 (−1.09 to 9.97)1.84 (−2.17 to 6.02)1.12 (−3.37 to 5.81)0.34 (−3.97 to 4.84)
    Taipei City (5 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.82
        L04.23 (0.79 to 7.80)0.35 (−2.20 to 2.96)0.81 (−2.06 to 3.76)1.28 (−1.49 to 4.13)
        L12.28 (−1.07 to 5.74)−1.38 (−3.86 to 1.15)−0.21 (−2.99 to 2.65)0.59 (−2.10 to 3.35)
        L20.24 (−3.00 to 3.60)1.80 (−0.69 to 4.34)0.34 (−2.38 to 3.15)−0.11 (−2.74 to 2.59)
        L31.09 (−2.17 to 4.46)2.42 (−0.07 to 4.98)0.25 (−2.45 to 3.04)−0.79 (−3.40 to 1.89)
        L034.13 (−0.92 to 9.44)1.83 (−1.92 to 5.72)0.94 (−3.26 to 5.32)0.47 (−3.59 to 4.71)
    Monitors with ⩾0.75 between monitor correlations (8 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.84
        L04.36 (0.82 to 8.02)0.43 (−2.20 to 3.13)0.86 (−2.09 to 3.89)1.47 (−1.37 to 4.39)
        L12.23 (−1.21 to 5.80)−1.54 (−4.09 to 1.08)−0.38 (−3.23 to 2.57)0.50(−2.26 to 3.33)
        L2−0.18 (−3.50 to 3.24)1.76 (−0.79 to 4.37)0.22 (−2.57 to 3.09)−0.08 (−2.76 to 2.68)
        L30.94 (−2.39 to 4.38)2.47 (−0.09 to 5.09)0.23 (−2.53 to 3.08)−0.60 (−3.27 to 2.14)
        L033.94 (−1.31 to 9.47)1.85 (−2.06 to 5.92)0.85 (−3.50 to 5.41)0.70 (−3.52 to 5.10)
SO2 (% change in admissions per 5 ppb)
    Taipei area (13 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.71
        L02.75 (−0.50 to 6.12)0.18 (−2.26 to 2.68)1.05 (−1.67 to 3.84)0.81 (−0.89 to 4.57)
        L1−0.18 (−3.37 to 3.11)−2.01 (−4.40 to 0.44)−0.87 (−3.53 to 1.85)0.60 (−2.05 to 3.32)
        L2−0.64 (−3.71 to 2.53)0.15 (−2.19 to 2.54)1.00 (−1.57 to 3.64)−0.42 (−2.96 to 2.17)
        L32.30 (−0.81 to 5.50)1.35 (−0.98 to 3.73)−0.83 (−3.33 to 1.73)−1.56 (−4.04 to 0.99)
        L031.99 (−2.59 to 6.78)−0.16 (−3.56 to 3.35)0.46 (−3.32 to 4.40)0.08 (−3.67 to 3.98)
    Taipei City (5 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.82
        L02.48 (−1.06 to 6.15)−0.38 (−3.03 to 2.35)0.31 (−2.63 to 3.34)1.38 (−1.54 to 4.39)
        L1−0.28 (−3.76 to 3.32)−2.76 (−5.35 to −0.09)−1.27 (−4.16 to 1.70)−0.14 (−3.01 to 2.82)
        L2−0.34 (−3.73 to 3.15)−0.08 (−2.65 to 2.55)0.88 (−1.95 to 3.78)−0.13 (−2.92 to 2.74)
        L33.37 (−0.07 to 6.93)0.74 (−1.82 to 3.37)−1.14 (−3.89 to 1.70)−1.71 (−4.45 to 1.11)
        L032.78 (−2.52 to 8.36)−1.40 (−5.26 to 2.62)−0.27 (−4.58 to 4.24)−0.42 (−4.70 to 4.06)
    Monitors with ⩾0.75 between monitor correlations (6 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.81
        L03.07 (−0.36 to 6.60)−0.10 (−2.65 to 2.52)0.37 (−2.45 to 3.28)1.43 (−1.38 to 4.32)
        L10.11 (−3.24 to 3.57)−2.50 (−4.99 to 0.05)−1.10 (−3.86 to 1.74)−0.32 (−3.06 to 2.51)
        L2−0.36 (−3.60 to 2.99)−0.05 (−2.50 to 2.47)0.79 (−1.90 to 3.55)−0.43 (−3.09 to 2.31)
        L33.14 (−0.15 to 6.54)0.78 (−1.67 to 3.29)−0.88 (−3.51 to 1.82)−1.84 (−4.46 to 0.85)
        L033.16 (−1.92 to 8.50)−1.06 (−4.75 to 2.78)−0.09 (−4.20 to 4.19)−0.77 (−4.85 to 3.48)
O3 (% change in admissions per 10 ppb)
    Taipei area (13 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.72
        L0−2.74 (−6.55 to 1.23)−0.45 (−3.46 to 2.64)2.47 (−1.05 to 6.12)0.78 (−2.51 to 4.19)
        L1−0.22 (−3.81 to 3.50)−2.32 (−5.03 to 0.46)4.54 (1.28 to 7.90)1.58 (−1.44 to 4.70)
        L23.02 (−0.53 to 6.69)−1.81 (−4.42 to 0.87)5.32 (2.17 to 8.56)−0.36 (−3.23 to 2.58)
        L30.45 (−2.99 to 4.01)−0.96 (−3.58 to 1.73)2.41 (−0.64 to 5.56)1.89 (−1.01 to 4.88)
        L030.61 (−4.44 to 5.93)−2.81 (−6.58 to 1.11)7.60 (2.87 to 12.54)1.91 (−2.34 to 6.35)
    Taipei City (5 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.85
        L0−2.22 (−5.72 to 1.41)−0.18 (−2.93 to 2.66)2.42 (−0.81 to 5.75)1.38 (−1.64 to 4.49)
        L1−0.83 (−4.13 to 2.58)−2.45 (−4.95 to 0.12)3.84 (0.84 to 6.94)1.50 (−1.29 to 4.37)
        L23.19 (−0.15 to 6.64)−1.84 (−4.31 to 0.68)4.57 (1.61 to 7.61)−0.54 (−3.23 to 2.23)
        L30.57 (−2.69 to 3.93)−0.71 (−3.19 to 1.84)1.38 (−1.50 to 4.34)1.94 (−0.81 to 4.76)
        L030.63 (−4.22 to 5.73)−2.76 (−6.39 to 1.02)6.61 (2.08 to 11.35)2.20 (−1.90 to 6.47)
    Monitors with ⩾0.75 between monitor correlations (9 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.84
        L0−2.44 (−5.98 to 1.24)−0.15 (−2.94 to 2.72)2.57 (−0.70 to 5.94)0.90 (−2.15 to 4.03)
        L1−0.78 (−4.11 to 2.66)−2.29 (−4.81 to 0.30)4.19 (1.16 to 7.32)1.52 (−1.30 to 4.41)
        L23.20 (−0.16 to 6.67)−1.87 (−4.34 to 0.66)4.77 (1.80 to 7.82)−0.48 (−3.18 to 2.29)
        L30.45 (−2.82 to 3.82)−0.77 (−3.26 to 1.78)1.75 (−1.14 to 4.71)−0.48 (−3.18 to 2.29)
        L030.52 (−4.34 to 5.63)−2.68 (−6.31 to 1.09)7.13 (2.59 to 11.87)1.99 (−2.11 to 6.26)
CO (% change in admissions per 0.5 ppm)
    Taipei area (13 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.75
        L07.00 (2.08 to 12.15)0.34 (−3.25 to 4.06)3.29 (−0.74 to 7.49)1.91 (−1.97 to 5.95)
        L12.95 (−1.71 to 7.82)−0.52 (−3.97 to 3.05)−0.49 (−4.25 to 3.41)0.03 (−3.65 to 3.85)
        L20.21 (−4.20 to 4.82)2.58 (−0.80 to 6.08)−0.84 (−4.43 to 2.88)0.36 (−3.20 to 4.04)
        L30.93 (−3.47 to 5.53)3.65 (0.26 to 7.15)−0.48 (−4.02 to 3.18)−1.29 (−4.77 to 2.32)
        L035.08 (−1.62 to 12.23)3.20 (−1.82 to 8.47)0.74 (−4.62 to 6.40)0.21 (−5.03 to 5.73)
    Taipei City (5 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.88
        L06.20 (2.09 to 10.46)0.06 (−2.95 to 3.17)1.68 (−1.68 to 5.15)1.24 (−2.02 to 4.60)
        L12.61 (−1.25 to 6.62)−0.56 (−3.43 to 2.39)−1.19 (−4.29 to 2.01)−0.01 (−3.06 to 3.13)
        L20.27 (−3.42 to 4.09)2.00 (−0.81 to 4.89)−0.83 (−3.83 to 2.26)0.57 (−2.40 to 3.62)
        L31.12 (−2.57 to 4.96)2.99 (0.17 to 5.89)−0.35 (−3.32 to 2.71)−0.85 (−3.78 to 2.16)
        L035.09 (−0.72 to 11.25)2.57 (−1.75 to 7.07)−0.31 (−4.90 to 4.50)0.31 (−4.23 to 5.06)
    Monitors with ⩾0.75 between monitor correlations (11 monitors), average correlation between monitor pairs 0.81
        L06.51 (1.90 to 11.33)0.18 (−3.19 to 3.67)2.87 (−0.91 to 6.79)0.98 (−1.68 to 5.76)
        L12.58 (−1.74 to 7.10)−0.66 (−3.87 to 2.66)−0.71 (−4.20 to 2.91)−0.12 (−3.54 to 3.42)
        L2−0.05 (−4.17 to 4.24)2.39 (−0.77 to 5.65)−0.73 (−4.08 to 2.73)0.37 (−2.95 to 3.80)
        L31.13 (−2.99 to 5.44)3.19 (0.03 to 6.45)−0.41 (−3.72 to 3.01)−1.08 (−4.34 to 2.30)
        L034.87 (−1.53 to 11.68)2.82 (−1.96 to 7.83)0.51 (−4.60 to 5.89)0.30 (−4.71 to 5.57)

  • L0, same day; L1, previous day; L2, lag 2 days; L3, lag 3 days; L03, average of same day and three preceding days.

  • Statistically significant associations are shown in italic.