Age-adjusted associations of health-related behaviours with self-certified (1–3 days) sickness absence spells among men and women. Additional adjustments for psychosocial and physical working conditions and occupational class. Rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) and population attributable fractions (PAFs*).
| Men | Women | |||||||||
| Age | Age and psychosocial working conditions | Age and physical working conditions | Age and occupational class | PAF | Age | Age and psychosocial working conditions | Age and physical working conditions | Age and occupational class | PAF | |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Heavy | 1.97 (1.60 to 2.43) | 1.85 (1.51 to 2.27) | 1.85 (1.50 to 2.28) | 1.71 (1.39 to 2.11) | 5.9 | 1.59 (1.45 to 1.74) | 1.54 (1.41 to 1.69) | 1.54 (1.41 to 1.68) | 1.50 (1.37 to 1.64) | 4.1 |
| Moderate | 1.77 (1.45 to 2.15) | 1.75 (1.45 to 2.12) | 1.71 (1.41 to 2.08) | 1.63 (1.34 to 1.98) | 7.6 | 1.29 (1.18 to 1.40) | 1.27 (1.17 to 1.39) | 1.27 (1.17 to 1.38) | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.34) | 2.8 |
| Ex | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.42) | 1.16 (0.98 to 1.38) | 1.16 (0.97 to 1.38) | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) | 2.9 | 1.20 (1.12 to 1.29) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.28) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.28) | 1.18 (1.10 to 1.27) | 3.4 |
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 16.4 | 10.3 | |||||||||
| Alcohol use | ||||||||||
| Very high | 1.45 (1.11 to 1.88) | 1.48 (1.14 to 1.91) | 1.49 (1.15 to 1.94) | 1.33 (1.02 to 1.73) | 2.3 | 1.39 (1.19 to 1.62) | 1.45 (1.25 to 1.69) | 1.41 (1.21 to 1.64) | 1.36 (1.17 to 1.59) | 1.2 |
| High | 1.25 (1.01 to 1.55) | 1.26 (1.02 to 1.56) | 1.28 (1.04 to 1.59) | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.52) | 2.7 | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.26) | 1.17 (1.08 to 1.28) | 1.17 (1.08 to 1.28) | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.25) | 2.2 |
| Abstainer | 1.16 (0.93 to 1.46) | 1.11 (0.89 to 1.38) | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.40) | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.43) | 1.0 | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.14) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 0.7 |
| Moderate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 6.0 | 4.0 | |||||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| Low | 1.31 (1.07 to 1.61) | 1.25 (1.02 to 1.52) | 1.29 (1.06 to 1.58) | 1.28 (1.05 to 1.56) | 4.9 | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.23) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.22) | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.23) | 2.6 |
| 2 | 1.09 (0.88 to 1.36) | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.24) | 1.10 (0.88 to 1.36) | 1.09 (0.89 to 1.35) | 0.2 | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.20) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.20) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.21) | 2.6 |
| 3 | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.29) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.29) | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.29) | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.28) | 1.0 | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.20) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.20) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.20) | 2.2 |
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 6.1 | 7.4 | |||||||||
| Dietary habits | ||||||||||
| Poor | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.30) | 0.98 (0.80 to 1.21) | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.26) | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.17) | −2.9 | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.17) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15) | 1.3 |
| 2 | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.16) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09) | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.15) | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.12) | −3.7 | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.13) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.13) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.09) | 0.2 |
| 3 | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.16) | 0.90 (0.71 to 1.14) | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.18) | 0.90 (0.71 to 1.14) | −2.1 | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.08) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) | −0.1 |
| Good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| −8.7 | 1.4 | |||||||||
| Relative weight | ||||||||||
| Obese | 1.43 (1.15 to 1.77) | 1.37 (1.11 to 1.70) | 1.35 (1.09 to 1.67) | 1.33 (1.08 to 1.64) | 3.7 | 1.53 (1.41 to 1.66) | 1.51 (1.40 to 1.64) | 1.49 (1.37 to 1.61) | 1.48 (1.36 to 1.60) | 5.6 |
| Overweight | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.35) | 1.15 (0.98 to 1.35) | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.32) | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.31) | 4.3 | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.25) | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.23) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.22) | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.21) | 3.1 |
| Underweight | 1.03 (0.62 to 1.70) | 1.08 (0.66 to 1.76) | 0.94 (0.57 to 1.54) | 1.03 (0.63 to 1.68) | 0.2 | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.22) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.22) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.22) | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.23) | 0.7 |
| Normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 8.3 | 9.4 | |||||||||
*PAFs calculated from models adjusting for all factors (age, psychosocial and physical working conditions and occupational class). Groupwise PAFs for health-related behaviours with four categories were calculated as follows: PAF in group 1 = [PE1 × (RR of GR1 −1)]/[PE1 × (RR of GR1 −1) + PE2 × (RR of GR2 −1) + PE3 × (RR of GR3 −1) +1]. PEi refers to proportions of the population in non-reference groups 1–3, RR of GRi refers to rate ratios in non-reference groups 1–3. Overall PAF is the sum of the groupwise PAFs.