| All subjects† | Never smokers‡ | |||||
| Cases, n | Controls, n | OR (95% CI) | Cases, n | Controls, n | OR (95% CI) | |
| Size of the city of residence | ||||||
| Low exposure | 305 | 384 | 1.00 | 57 | 141 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 477 | 483 | 1.23 (1.00 to 1.53) | 45 | 100 | 1.25 (0.75 to 2.07) |
| High exposure | 407 | 385 | 1.30 (1.04 to 1.63) | 57 | 119 | 1.17 (0.71 to 1.94) |
| ptrend = 0.026 | ptrend = 0.330 | |||||
| Having windows facing traffic street at home | ||||||
| Low exposure | 625 | 652 | 1.00 | 66 | 166 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 287 | 309 | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.30) | 45 | 107 | 1.00 (0.61 to 1.63) |
| High exposure | 272 | 290 | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.21) | 46 | 88 | 1.30 (0.80 to 2.12) |
| ptrend = 0.900 | ptrend = 0.277 | |||||
| Number of lanes in the street close to the | ||||||
| place of residence§ | ||||||
| Low exposure | 437 | 462 | 1.00 | 81 | 181 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 464 | 527 | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.13) | 67 | 162 | 0.93 (0.61 to 1.42) |
| High exposure | 31 | 33 | 1.11 (0.65 to 1.92) | 7 | 14 | 1.24 (0.44 to 3.52) |
| ptrend = 0.703 | ptrend = 0.710 | |||||
| Intensity of trucks and buses at the street | ||||||
| close to the place of residence§ | ||||||
| Low exposure | 437 | 462 | 1.00 | 81 | 181 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 315 | 362 | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.21) | 47 | 119 | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.42) |
| High exposure | 178 | 195 | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.18) | 27 | 56 | 1.13 (0.64 to 1.99) |
| ptrend = 0.460 | ptrend = 0.746 | |||||
| Having an industry close to the residence | ||||||
| Low exposure | 776 | 838 | 1.00 | 97 | 230 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 205 | 218 | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.44) | 27 | 66 | 1.12 (0.64 to 1.96) |
| High exposure | 203 | 195 | 1.14 (0.90 to 1.44) | 33 | 65 | 1.18 (0.70 to 2.00) |
| ptrend = 0.202 | ptrend = 0.532 | |||||
| Living close to an industry and having windows | ||||||
| facing a traffic street | ||||||
| Low exposure | 499 | 544 | 1.00 | 42 | 132 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 593 | 618 | 1.13 (0.94 to 1.35) | 101 | 201 | 1.56 (0.99 to 2.46) |
| High exposure | 92 | 89 | 1.14 (0.82 to 1.60) | 14 | 28 | 1.58 (0.72 to 3.50) |
| ptrend = 0.208 | ptrend = 0.072 | |||||
*Number of subjects does not add up because of missing values; †adjusted for age, gender, region, smoking pack-years and a priori high risk occupations (additional adjustment for chlorination by-products and consumption of fruit and vegetables did not modify the results); ‡adjusted for age, gender, region, a priori high risk occupations, passive smoking at home and passive smoking at work (additional adjustment for chlorination by-products and consumption of fruit and vegetables did not modify the results); §subjects having windows facing a traffic street at home.