| Study(IV score) | Methods | Subjects | Intervention | Outcomes | Results |
| Equipment provision and training | |||||
| Yassi | RCT: random allocation | 346 nurses/nursing | (1) Sliding and transfer equipment, | Work-related LBP, | Compared with (3), LBP |
| et al36 | to 3 groups. Follow-up | aides working in | one lifter, 3-h MH training; | disability, back | reduced in (2) at 6 months |
| (1.5/6) | 6 and 12 months | hospital | (2) multiple new lifters, sit-stand | injuries | (p = 0.02) and in (1) at |
| lifters and sliding devices, 3-h | 12 months (p = 0.04). No | ||||
| MH training; (3) usual practice | change in injury or disability | ||||
| Knibbe | NCT: incomplete random | 355 female nurses | (1) 40 hoists, 12 lifting | Back pain | No significant differences |
| and | allocation of 20 teams to | working in home | coordinators, 4-h MH training; | prevalence | |
| Friele20 | 2 groups. Follow-up | care services | (2) usual practice (2 hoists) | ||
| (1.5/6) | 12 months | ||||
| Smedley | NCT: allocation by | Female nurses | (1) 700 sliding sheets, additional | Prevalence of LBP | No significant differences |
| et al31 | hospital to 2 groups. | working in hospital: | MH equipment and training; | lasting more than | |
| (0/6) | Follow-up 32 months | 1157 at baseline | (2) no study intervention, but | a day during the | |
| and 1078 at follow- | hospital improved MH training | past month | |||
| up | and equipment during study | ||||
| Training in the workplace | |||||
| Best38 | RCT: random allocation | 55 female nurses | (1) 32-h MH training; (2) and | Back pain frequency | No significant differences |
| (4/6) | by nursing home to | working in nursing | (3): in-house orientation | and severity, back | |
| 3 groups. Follow-up | homes | training only | injury | ||
| 3 and 12 months | |||||
| Dehlin | NCT: allocation by | 45 female nursing | 2×/week for 8 weeks: (1) 45-min | Frequency, intensity, | No significant differences |
| et al29 | work building to 3 | aides with LBP | endurance and aerobic exercise; | duration of LBP and | |
| (0/6) | groups. Follow-up | working in hospital | (2) MH training; | influence of LBP on | |
| 8 weeks | (3) no intervention | working capacity | |||
| Wood35 | NCT: allocation by | 42 registered nurses | (1) 30-min task observation and | Back injury | No significant differences |
| (0/6) | hospital unit to 2 groups. | and 135 nursing aides | feedback, 1-h MH training; | ||
| Follow-up 12 months | working in hospital | (2) no intervention | |||
| Training during nursing studies | |||||
| Videman | NCT: allocation by year | 308 student nurses | (1) 40-h training in biomechanics | Back pain incidence, | No significant differences |
| et al11 | of enrolment to 2 groups. | and ergonomics over 2.5 years; | severity, injury and | ||
| (2/6) | Follow-up 12 months | (2) usual curriculum | disability | ||
| Hellsing | NCT: allocation by | 52 student nurses | (1) 2 h/week ergonomics | Annual LBP | No significant differences |
| et al32 | school to 2 groups. | education over 2 years; | |||
| (0/6) | Follow-up 12, 24 | (2) usual curriculum (5 h | |||
| and 36 months | ergonomics education) | ||||
IV, internal validity; MH, manual handling.