Association of allergic rhinitis with pesticide use*
| Pesticides | Allergic rhinitis based on questionnaire† | Allergic rhinitis based on questionnaire with atopy‡ |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| *Odds ratios adjusted for age, sex and smoking status. Never use among grape farmers was the reference category. | ||
| †The reference category included subjects who had no AR according to the questionnaire (less than 2 nasal symptoms apart from a cold during the last 12 months). | ||
| ‡Atopy: positive for at least one skin prick test or enzyme immunoassay test. The reference category included subjects who had no AR according to the questionnaire, or had a positive allergy test. | ||
| Herbicides n = 72 | 2.7 (1.2 to 6.2) | 3.2 (1.2 to 8.6) |
| Bipyridyl n = 50 | 2.2 (1.0 to 4.8) | 4.0 (1.4 to 11.2) |
| Glyphosate n = 67 | 2.3 (1.0 to 5.0) | 2.5 (1.0 to 6.5) |
| Triazine n = 7 | 3.8 (0.7 to 21.6) | – |
| Fungicides n = 72 | 2.8 (1.2 to 6.5) | 3.1 (1.2 to 8.1) |
| Dithiocarbamate n = 63 | 2.5 (1.1 to 5.3) | 3.5 (1.2 to 10.2) |
| Thiophthalimide n = 46 | 2.2 (1.0 to 4.8) | 3.3 (1.2 to 8.7) |
| Pyrimidine n = 57 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.6) | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.4) |
| Triazole n = 70 | 2.2 (1.1 to 4.6) | 2.7 (1.0 to 7.0) |
| Inorganic n = 74 | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.4) | 2.2 (0.9 to 5.9) |
| Insecticides n = 78 | 1.8 (0.8 to 4.2) | 2.6 (1.0 to 7.0) |
| Carbamate n = 75 | 3.0 (1.4 to 6.5) | 2.4 (1.0 to 6.0) |
| Organophosphate n = 37 | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.2) | 2.6 (0.9 to 7.9) |
| Organochlorine n = 5 | 1.2 (0.2 to 7.8) | – |
| Bioinsecticides | 1.9 (0.5 to 7.0) | 1.5 (0.3 to 7.6) |
| (Bacillus thuringiensis) n = 12 | ||