Factors assessed at baseline related to sick leave due to neck or back pain at the 3-year follow-up
| Risk factors* | N | Cases† | Adjusted OR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Results from multivariate logistic regressions, per variable set. | ||||
| *In all the multivariate analyses, sex, age, neck pain during the previous year and back pain during the previous year were included together with all variables within each variable set with p⩽0.10 from univariate analyses. | ||||
| †The number of participants reporting sick leave due to neck or back pain. | ||||
| ‡From the short form-36 (SF-36).34,35 Higher scores indicate better functioning. Range 0–100. | ||||
| Background/demographic factors* | ||||
| Employment grade | ||||
| Blue-collar | 1204 | 113 | 1.00 | |
| White-collar | 378 | 13 | 0.36 (0.20 to 0.65) | |
| Citizenship at birth | ||||
| Swedish | 1427 | 103 | 1.00 | |
| Other | 155 | 23 | 1.84 (1.12 to 3.04) | |
| Lifestyle factors* | ||||
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smokers | 1217 | 89 | 1.00 | |
| Quit smoking during past year | 42 | 8 | 2.78 (1.21 to 6.38) | |
| Smokers | 303 | 28 | 1.26 (0.80 to 1.99) | |
| Physical activities in leisure time except exercise (cleaning, gardening, etc) | ||||
| No activity | 75 | 13 | 1.00 | |
| <30 min/day | 474 | 39 | 0.44 (0.22 to 0.88) | |
| >1 h/day | 1013 | 73 | 0.39 (0.20 to 0.76) | |
| Health-related and pain-related characteristics* | ||||
| Physical functioning (SF-36)‡ | ||||
| Lowest category (1) >95 | 755 | 39 | 1.00 | |
| (2) 90—95 | 365 | 26 | 1.21 (0.72 to 2.05) | |
| (3) ⩽90 | 421 | 60 | 2.05 (1.30 to 3.24) | |
| Sick leave during the previous year (all causes except neck or back pain) | ||||
| No | 687 | 41 | 1.00 | |
| 1–7 days | 557 | 44 | 1.35 (0.86 to 2.12) | |
| 8–24 days | 218 | 26 | 1.74 (1.02 to 2.96) | |
| 25–99 days | 63 | 10 | 2.45 (1.14 to 5.27) | |
| 100–365 days | 16 | 4 | 3.91 (1.15 to 13.26) | |
| Neck pain during the previous year | ||||
| No | 889 | 53 | 1.00 | |
| Yes, one time | 153 | 6 | 0.60 (0.25 to 1.42) | |
| Yes, several times | 499 | 66 | 1.89 (1.26 to 2.83) | |
| Physical work characteristics* | ||||
| Perceived exertion at work | ||||
| Hard/very, very hard 14–20 | 510 | 52 | 1.00 | |
| Fairly light/somewhat hard 10–13 | 828 | 66 | 0.81 (0.55 to 1.20) | |
| Very light 8–9 | 173 | 4 | 0.23 (0.08 to 0.66) | |
| Very, very light 6–7 | 71 | 2 | 0.30 (0.07 to 1.28) | |
| Psychosocial work characteristics* | ||||
| Exposed to bullying | ||||
| No | 1518 | 116 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 56 | 11 | 2.13 (1.03 to 4.38) | |