Parental education | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | ||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Total traffic at home address | ||||||
Munich | ||||||
Low | 16 | (4.0) | 68 | (16.8) | 321 | (79.3) |
Medium | 4 | (2.5) | 13 | (8.0) | 145 | (89.5) |
High | 3 | (2.9) | 20 | (19.4) | 80 | (77.7) |
p value* | 0.0410 | |||||
The Netherlands urban‡ | ||||||
None/not many | 22 | (5.4) | 85 | (20.8) | 302 | (73.8) |
Moderate | 39 | (9.8) | 107 | (27.0) | 251 | (63.2) |
Many | 27 | (10.0) | 83 | (30.7) | 160 | (59.3) |
p value* | 0.0007 |
GM | (GSD) | GM | (GSD) | GM | (GSD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*χ2 test. | ||||||
†Trend test (two sided). | ||||||
‡Degree of urbanisation 1 and 2. | ||||||
GIS based exposure | ||||||
Munich | ||||||
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 12.9 | (1.1) | 13.6 | (1.1) | 13.3 | (1.1) |
p value† | 0.6441 | |||||
PM2.5 abs (10−5m−1) | 1.63 | (1.2) | 1.78 | (1.2) | 1.73 | (1.2) |
p value† | 0.6885 | |||||
NO2 (μg/m3) | 24.8 | (1.2) | 28.1 | (1.3) | 27.0 | (1.2) |
p value† | 0.8134 | |||||
The Netherlands urban‡ | ||||||
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 17.7 | (1.1) | 17.7 | (1.1) | 17.9 | (1.1) |
p value† | 0.2258 | |||||
PM2.5 abs (10−5m−1) | 1.91 | (1.2) | 1.88 | (1.2) | 1.89 | (1.2) |
p value** | 0.7082 | |||||
NO2 (μg/m3) | 29.6 | (1.2) | 28.6 | (1.3) | 29.2 | (1.2) |
p value† | 0.7341 |