Associations between subjective (questionnaire) and objective (GIS model) assessment of exposure to traffic related air pollutants in Munich (Germany) and the Netherlands
| PM2.5 (μg/m3)‡ | PM2.5 abs(10−5m−1)‡ | NO2 (μg/m3)‡ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low % | Med % | High % | Low % | Med % | High % | Low % | Med % | High % | |
| *Degree of urbanisation 1 and 2; †degree of urbanisation >2. | |||||||||
| ‡The modelled estimates were categorised in the low, medium, and high groups, with each group including the same number of subjects as the subjective assessment. | |||||||||
| Total traffic at home address | |||||||||
| Munich | |||||||||
| Low (n = 407) | 71.0 | 16.7 | 12.3 | 73.0 | 16.5 | 10.6 | 70.5 | 17.2 | 12.3 |
| Medium (n = 163) | 47.2 | 35.0 | 17.8 | 49.1 | 34.4 | 16.6 | 45.4 | 35.6 | 19.0 |
| High (n = 103) | 39.8 | 35.9 | 24.3 | 29.1 | 37.9 | 33.0 | 44.7 | 33.0 | 22.3 |
| The Netherlands | |||||||||
| None/not many (n = 1115) | 46.6 | 34.4 | 19.0 | 46.4 | 36.5 | 17.1 | 44.8 | 38.3 | 16.7 |
| Moderate (n = 926) | 38.9 | 38.7 | 22.5 | 39.7 | 36.5 | 23.8 | 40.5 | 36.3 | 23.2 |
| Many (n = 592) | 39.7 | 31.1 | 29.2 | 45.3 | 24.0 | 30.7 | 40.4 | 27.5 | 32.1 |
| The Netherlands urban* | |||||||||
| None/not many (n = 410) | 42.0 | 38.1 | 20.0 | 41.5 | 40.5 | 18.1 | 47.6 | 36.1 | 16.3 |
| Moderate (n = 398) | 38.9 | 38.4 | 23.6 | 37.4 | 37.9 | 24.6 | 34.9 | 40.0 | 25.1 |
| Many (n = 271) | 31.7 | 32.8 | 35.4 | 33.2 | 29.9 | 36.8 | 27.7 | 33.6 | 38.8 |
| The Netherlands rural† | |||||||||
| None/not many (n = 705) | 45.0 | 35.3 | 19.7 | 44.3 | 36.0 | 19.7 | 45.1 | 35.5 | 19.4 |
| Moderate (n = 528) | 41.5 | 37.3 | 21.2 | 41.3 | 37.3 | 21.4 | 41.1 | 36.7 | 22.2 |
| Many (n = 321) | 52.3 | 25.6 | 22.1 | 54.2 | 24.0 | 21.7 | 52.7 | 26.2 | 21.2 |
| Busses/trucks at home address | |||||||||
| The Netherlands | |||||||||
| None/not many (n = 2016) | 78.1 | 11.9 | 10.1 | 77.7 | 12.4 | 9.9 | 77.9 | 12.8 | 9.3 |
| Moderate (n = 323) | 73.4 | 14.2 | 12.4 | 75.5 | 11.8 | 12.7 | 76.8 | 10.2 | 13.0 |
| Many (n = 294) | 69.4 | 12.9 | 17.6 | 69.7 | 11.9 | 18.4 | 66.7 | 11.2 | 23.5 |
| The Netherlands urban* | |||||||||
| None/not many (n = 815) | 78.7 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 77.9 | 11.3 | 10.8 | 79.3 | 11.0 | 9.7 |
| Moderate (n = 133) | 67.7 | 22.6 | 9.8 | 73.7 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 71.4 | 12.0 | 16.5 |
| Many (n = 131) | 63.4 | 14.5 | 22.1 | 61.8 | 17.6 | 20.6 | 55.7 | 20.6 | 23.7 |
| The Netherlands rural† | |||||||||
| None/not many (n = 1201) | 75.8 | 13.4 | 10.8 | 75.5 | 13.8 | 10.7 | 76.2 | 13.2 | 10.6 |
| Moderate (n = 190) | 84.2 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 83.7 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 81.1 | 11.6 | 7.4 |
| Many (n = 163) | 79.8 | 9.2 | 11.0 | 82.2 | 5.5 | 12.2 | 80.4 | 5.5 | 14.1 |