Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for brain cancer for ever-use of pesticides chemical classes among adult male farmers
| Overall | Self | Proxy | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | |||||||
| n | OR* | 95% CI | n | OR† | 95% CI | n | OR† | 95% CI | ||||
| *Odds ratio adjusted for age (⩽49, 50–59, 60–69, ⩾70) and respondent type. | ||||||||||||
| †Odds ratio adjusted for age (⩽49, 50–59, 60–69, ⩾70). | ||||||||||||
| ‡Reference category: non-farmers. | ||||||||||||
| §Individual pesticides were grouped into herbicides (2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, alachlor, atrazine, bentazon, butylate, chloramben, cyanazine, dicamba, EPTC, glyphosate, metolachlor, metribuzin, paraquat, pendimethalin, propachlor, trifluralin) and insecticides (aldrin, benzene hexachloride, bufencarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlordane, chlorpyrfios, coumaphos, DDT, diazinon, dieldrin, disulfoton, famphur, fonofos, heptachlor, lindane, malathion, nicotine, phorate, terbufos). We also classified the pesticides into their chemical families: acetanilide herbicides (alachor, metolachlor, propachlor), benzoic acid herbicides (chloramben, dicamba), carbamate herbicides (butylate, EPTC), dinitroaniline herbicides (pendimethalin, trifluralin), phenoxy herbicides (2,4,5-T, 2,4-D), triazine herbicides (atrazine, cyanazine, metribuzin), carbamate insecticides (bufencarb, carbaryl, carbofuran), organochlorine insecticides (aldrin, benzene hexachloride, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane), organophosphorus insecticides (chlorpyrfios, coumaphos, diazinon, disulfoton, famphur, fonofos, malathion, phorate, terbufos). | ||||||||||||
| ¶Nitrosatable pesticides includes 11 herbicides (2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, atrazine, butylate, cyanazine, dicamba, EPTC, glyphosate, metolachlor, propachlor, trifluralin) and five insecticides (bufencarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, famphur, nicotine). | ||||||||||||
| Non-farmers | 112 | 49 | 1.0 | Ref‡ | 40 | 20 | 1.0 | Ref‡ | 72 | 29 | 1.0 | Ref‡ |
| Insecticides§ | 77 | 42 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.0 | 30 | 10 | 0.7 | 0.3–1.7 | 47 | 32 | 3.0 | 1.5–6.2 |
| Farmers, no use | 31 | 10 | 1.5 | 0.6–3.6 | 3 | 2 | 10.1 | 0.6–181.2 | 28 | 8 | 1.5 | 0.6–4.2 |
| Carbamate | 36 | 20 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.3 | 17 | 6 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.2 | 19 | 14 | 3.0 | 1.2–7.5 |
| Organochlorine | 47 | 26 | 1.9 | 1.0–3.6 | 20 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.8 | 27 | 21 | 3.6 | 1.6–8.1 |
| Organophosphorus | 46 | 30 | 2.0 | 1.1–3.7 | 23 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.7 | 23 | 23 | 4.4 | 1.9–10.1 |
| Herbicides§ | 70 | 38 | 1.7 | 1.0–3.0 | 28 | 9 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.7 | 42 | 29 | 2.8 | 1.4–5.9 |
| Farmers, no use | 41 | 11 | 1.2 | 0.5–2.6 | 6 | 3 | 1.5 | 0.3–8.0 | 35 | 8 | 1.2 | 0.5–3.3 |
| Acetanilide | 34 | 22 | 1.8 | 0.9–3.6 | 17 | 7 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.1 | 17 | 15 | 3.3 | 1.3–8.2 |
| Benzoic acid | 29 | 14 | 1.4 | 0.6–2.9 | 15 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.1–2.0 | 14 | 10 | 2.4 | 0.9–6.5 |
| Carbamate | 22 | 14 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.9 | 9 | 3 | 0.7 | 0.2–3.1 | 13 | 11 | 2.9 | 1.1–7.8 |
| Dinitroaniline | 16 | 17 | 2.9 | 1.3–6.6 | 8 | 5 | 1.1 | 0.3–3.8 | 8 | 12 | 5.5 | 1.8–16.4 |
| Phenoxy | 56 | 32 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.3 | 24 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.6 | 32 | 25 | 3.3 | 1.5–7.2 |
| Triazine | 42 | 27 | 2.0 | 1.0–3.7 | 20 | 7 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.0 | 22 | 20 | 3.7 | 1.6–8.7 |
| Nitrosatable pesticides use¶ | 61 | 36 | 1.9 | 1.1–3.4 | 27 | 9 | 0.7 | 0.2–1.8 | 34 | 27 | 3.4 | 1.6–7.3 |