Table 1

Descriptive characteristics of the database*

Air measurements	No. of obs.	No. of persons	Biomarkers	No. of obs.	No. of persons	Biomarker classification
Air measurements	No. of obs.	No. of persons	Biomarkers	No. of obs.	No. of persons	Kinetic compartment†	Residence time‡
DDE, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; HFC, high frequency cell; HPRT, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase; NNAL: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; NNAL-Gluc, [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl) but-1-yl]-beta-O-D-glucosiduronic acid; SO, styrene oxide; SO-DNA(1), N²-(2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine-3,5-biphosphate; SO-DNA (2), unidentified DNA adduct.²³
*Five pre-shift datasets and three datasets containing unspecified categories of biomarkers were excluded from summary analysis. A total of 127 datasets and 12 077 observations were used for summary analysis.
†D, damaged cells; M, stable metabolite; P, parent compound (or procarcinogen); R, reactive intermediate; RY, reaction product between R and nucleophile Y (e.g. DNA base).
‡Residence time category: long, residence time >2 months; intermediate, 2 months ⩾residence time >2 days; and short, residence time ⩽2 days.
§Insufficient exposure data to estimate variance components.
¶Urinary 1-naphthol is a non-specific metabolite of the pesticide carbaryl.
Metals
Chromium	90	9	Urinary chromium	110	9	P	Intermediate
Mercury	592	16	Blood mercury	226	16	P	Intermediate
Nickel	35	9	Blood nickel	38	4	P	Intermediate
			Urinary nickel	82	12	P	Intermediate
Lead	287	51	Blood lead	387	79	P	Intermediate
			Urinary δ-aminolevulinate	181	6	M	Intermediate
			Urinary lead	181	6	P	Intermediate
Organic compounds
Benzene	592	216	Breath benzene	570	208	P	Short
Chloroform	293	116	Breath chloroform	266	104	P	Short
Ethylbenzene	301	120	Breath ethylbenzene	276	110	P	Short
Ethylene oxide	47	13	Breath ethylene oxide	26	9	P	Short
			Blood ethylene oxide	24	9	P	Short
			Haemoglobin N-2-hydroxyethyl-valine	44	19	RY	Long
Methylchloroform	301	120	Breath methylchloroform	275	109	P	Short
Monoterpenes	39	10	Urinary verbenol	39	10	M	Short
o-Xylene	301	120	Breath o-xylenes	278	110	P	Short
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	40	10	Blood DNA adduct	40	10	RY	Intermediate
p-Dichlorobenzene	160	80	Breath p-dichlorobenzene	134	67	P	Short
Perchloroethylene	343	130	Breath perchloroethylene	311	120	P	Short
Styrene/Styrene oxide	611/17	189/7	Breath styrene	427	136	P	Short
			Blood free styrene glycol	104	42	M	Short
			Blood styrene	172	55	P	Short
			Blood SO-Albumin adduct (α)	108	42	RY	Intermediate
			Blood SO-Albumin adduct (β)	108	42	RY	Intermediate
			Blood SO-DNA adduct (1)	48	24	RY	Intermediate
			Blood SO-DNA adduct (2)	48	24	RY	Intermediate
			Blood haemoglobin adduct	117	44	RY	Long
			Blood HPRT mutation frequency	22	5	D	Long
			Blood sister chromatid exchange	68	34	D	Long
			Urinary mandelic acid	78	23	M	Short
Trichloroethylene	296	119	Breath trichloroethylene	268	106	P	Short

Pesticides
Chlordane (cis and trans isomers)	32	9	Blood oxychlordane	89	32	R	Intermediate
Chlorpyrifos	57	16	Urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol	312	69	M	Short
Dieldrin	11	3	Blood dieldrin	39	13	P	Long
Heptachlor	51	14	Blood heptachlor epoxide	20	5	R	Intermediate

			Biomarker data only§
Organic compounds
Environmental tobacco smoking			Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene	180	30	M	Short
			Urinary cotinine	48	21	M	Short
			Urinary NNAL-Gluc and NNAL	31	16	M	Intermediate
Mixed organic compounds			Blood sister chromatid exchange (HFC)	20	10	D	Long

Pesticides
Atrazine			Urinary atrazine mercapturate	314	69	M	Short
Carbaryl			Urinary 1-naphthol¶	312	69	M	Short
DDE			Blood DDE	377	103	P	Long
Hexachlorobenzene			Blood hexachlorobenzene	314	72	P	Long
Malathion			Urinary malathion dicarboxylic acid	313	69	M	Short
Polychlorinated biphenyls			Blood polychlorinated biphenyls	60	30	P	Long
Trans-nonachlor			Blood trans-nonachlor	122	49	P	Long