Amsterdam, all observations | Amsterdam, no ETS | Helsinki, all observations | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor | Indoor | Outdoor | Indoor | Outdoor | Indoor | |||||||
β | SE | γ | SE | β | SE | γ | SE | β | SE | γ | SE | |
*p<0.10. | ||||||||||||
†p<0.05. | ||||||||||||
‡p<0.01. | ||||||||||||
(personal = β×outdoor + γ×indoor). (PM2.5 in μg/m3; absorption in m−1×10−5; elements in ng/m3). | ||||||||||||
PM2.5 | 0.13* | 0.08 | 0.54‡ | 0.03 | 0.06‡ | 0.02 | 0.81‡ | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.97‡ | 0.03 |
ABS | 0.07 | 0.05 | 1.04‡ | 0.05 | 0.25‡ | 0.07 | 0.77‡ | 0.08 | 0.06† | 0.03 | 0.98‡ | 0.04 |
S | 0.18‡ | 0.04 | 0.59‡ | 0.05 | 0.24‡ | 0.04 | 0.51‡ | 0.05 | 0.05† | 0.02 | 0.66‡ | 0.04 |
Zn | 0.27‡ | 0.03 | 0.39‡ | 0.04 | 0.31‡ | 0.03 | 0.35‡ | 0.05 | 0.09‡ | 0.03 | 0.81‡ | 0.05 |
Fe | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.78† | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.81‡ | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.90‡ | 0.10 |
K | −0.29 | 0.25 | 0.87‡ | 0.02 | 0.15† | 0.06 | 0.62‡ | 0.02 | 0.17‡ | 0.04 | 0.57‡ | 0.02 |
Ca | 0.23 | 0.46 | 0.78‡ | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.77† | 0.30 | 0.23‡ | 0.07 | 0.84‡ | 0.05 |
Cu | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.56‡ | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.57‡ | 0.03 | −0.12 | 0.17 | 0.79‡ | 0.07 |
Si | −0.22 | 0.35 | 1.17‡ | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.81‡ | 0.13 | 0.15‡ | 0.03 | 0.44‡ | 0.03 |
Cl | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.95‡ | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.97‡ | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.37‡ | 0.02 |