Table 5

 Contribution of indoor and outdoor air concentrations to personal exposure

Amsterdam, all observationsAmsterdam, no ETSHelsinki, all observations
OutdoorIndoorOutdoorIndoorOutdoorIndoor
βSEγSEβSEγSEβSEγSE
*p<0.10.
†p<0.05.
‡p<0.01.
(personal =  β×outdoor + γ×indoor). (PM2.5 in μg/m3; absorption in m−1×10−5; elements in ng/m3).
PM2.50.13*0.080.54‡0.030.06‡0.020.81‡0.01−0.020.020.97‡0.03
ABS0.070.051.04‡0.050.25‡0.070.77‡0.080.06†0.030.98‡0.04
S0.18‡0.040.59‡0.050.24‡0.040.51‡0.050.05†0.020.66‡0.04
Zn0.27‡0.030.39‡0.040.31‡0.030.35‡0.050.09‡0.030.81‡0.05
Fe0.070.090.78†0.130.040.100.81‡0.160.040.060.90‡0.10
K−0.290.250.87‡0.020.15†0.060.62‡0.020.17‡0.040.57‡0.02
Ca0.230.460.78‡0.170.220.460.77†0.300.23‡0.070.84‡0.05
Cu0.060.120.56‡0.030.060.130.57‡0.03−0.120.170.79‡0.07
Si−0.220.351.17‡0.370.030.120.81‡0.130.15‡0.030.44‡0.03
Cl−0.030.040.95‡0.010.010.030.97‡0.02−0.010.020.37‡0.02