Distribution of personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations in Amsterdam and Helsinki (PM2.5 in μg/m3; absorption in m−1×10−5; elements in ng/m3)
| Amsterdam | Helsinki | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal (n = 225; 36 subjects) | Indoor (n = 220; 35 homes) | Outdoor (n = 100)* | Personal (n = 238; 46 subjects) | Indoor (n = 233; 45 homes) | Outdoor (n = 70)* | |||||||||||||
| Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | |
| *Days that personal and indoor samples were selected for x ray fluorescence only. | ||||||||||||||||||
| PM2.5 | 14.5 | 2.3 | 261.9 | 14.1 | 3.9 | 442.1 | 15.7 | 6.0 | 82.3 | 9.4 | 2.1 | 51.3 | 9.8 | 1.8 | 49.0 | 11.4 | 5.2 | 32.5 |
| Abs | 1.4 | 0.2 | 7.5 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 4.3 |
| S | 912.3 | 121.4 | 4618.9 | 1100.6 | 42.6 | 4965.4 | 1299.9 | 226.9 | 6264.9 | 605.3 | 122.9 | 2097.4 | 811.6 | 165.7 | 2534.7 | 1435.7 | 303.8 | 3510.8 |
| Zn | 13.2 | 1.5 | 145.9 | 15.7 | 2.1 | 174.9 | 18.3 | 1.3 | 224.4 | 11.7 | 2.9 | 66.1 | 12.4 | 2.2 | 64.9 | 18.6 | 6.2 | 75.3 |
| Fe | 57.0 | 7.4 | 605.0 | 58.5 | 7.5 | 363.8 | 71.3 | 21.3 | 407.2 | 41.6 | 1.0 | 324.0 | 42.5 | 10.0 | 190.0 | 79.2 | 22.6 | 297.1 |
| Ni | NA | 1.4 | 0.0 | 9.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 13.1 | NA | 1.9 | 0.0 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 18.5 | ||||
| Mn | NA | 2.7 | 0.4 | 28.2 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 36.9 | NA | 2.1 | 0.3 | 15.1 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 14.4 | ||||
| V | NA | 2.7 | 2.0 | 14.2 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 21.3 | NA | 4.5 | 2.5 | 18.2 | 7.2 | 2.6 | 26.7 | ||||
| K | 87.4 | 1.4 | 11661.0 | 95.3 | 21.5 | 11328.0 | 70.3 | 20.2 | 484.8 | 103.1 | 32.8 | 882.6 | 105.2 | 17.1 | 1667.2 | 93.9 | 26.8 | 431.9 |
| Ca | 72.9 | 18.6 | 1603.0 | 65.9 | 13.5 | 812.4 | 40.2 | 14.6 | 119.1 | 68.5 | 21.6 | 316.3 | 45.3 | 10.8 | 380.4 | 36.4 | 11.6 | 154.6 |
| Cu | 5.4 | 0.0 | 78.2 | 8.1 | 0.9 | 98.4 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 17.8 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 85.3 | 5.5 | 1.2 | 54.1 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 22.6 |
| Si | 29.7 | 10.6 | 4174.7 | 55.2 | 6.0 | 348.8 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 389.6 | 79.5 | 26.4 | 585.2 | 74.8 | 2.2 | 1030.2 | 93.9 | 16.1 | 662.4 |
| Cl | 40.8 | 13.0 | 13997.7 | 59.2 | 6.2 | 14388.6 | 72.7 | 8.8 | 1789.4 | 9.8 | 7.9 | 410.6 | 31.9 | 4.6 | 1130.8 | 44.2 | 7.8 | 509.5 |