Characteristics of lung cancer cases and controls in Civitavecchia: frequency distribution, adjusted odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI)
| Variable | Cases (n = 234) | Controls (n = 729) | OR* | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| *Odds ratios adjusted for sex, age, year of death, and interaction between sex and age. | ||||||
| †Additionally adjusted for smoking habits. | ||||||
| ‡Additionally adjusted for number of risk occupations. | ||||||
| §Additionally adjusted for education. | ||||||
| ¶List B, occupations suspected to increase risk of lung cancer; List A, occupations known to increase risk of lung cancer.25 | ||||||
| **Exposure to occupation considered to increase risk of lung cancer according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification.2 | ||||||
| ††Traffic level was estimated through reported frequency of buses or lorries near residence of maximum length (low, never/rarely; medium, a few times a day; many times a day). | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 201 | 85.9 | 626 | 85.9 | ||
| Female | 33 | 14.1 | 103 | 14.1 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <60 | 46 | 19.7 | 138 | 18.9 | ||
| 60 to 69 | 92 | 39.3 | 263 | 36.1 | ||
| 70 to 74 | 33 | 14.1 | 125 | 17.2 | ||
| 75+ | 63 | 26.9 | 203 | 27.8 | ||
| Education†,‡ | ||||||
| None | 35 | 15.0 | 137 | 18.8 | 1.00 | – |
| Primary | 108 | 46.1 | 331 | 45.4 | 1.30 | 0.83 to 2.04 |
| Middle school | 39 | 16.7 | 142 | 19.5 | 1.11 | 0.64 to 1.91 |
| High school | 25 | 10.7 | 62 | 8.5 | 1.60 | 0.85 to 3.00 |
| University | 8 | 3.4 | 22 | 3.0 | 1.67 | 0.65 to 4.24 |
| Other | 6 | 2.5 | 16 | 2.2 | 1.39 | 0.48 to 4.03 |
| Missing | 13 | 5.6 | 19 | 2.6 | ||
| Smoking habits (cigarettes/day)‡,§ | ||||||
| None | 31 | 13.3 | 201 | 27.6 | 1.00 | – |
| ⩽10 | 18 | 7.7 | 97 | 13.3 | 2.28 | 1.08 to 4.80 |
| 11–20 | 72 | 30.7 | 199 | 27.3 | 4.64 | 2.48 to 8.69 |
| >20 | 106 | 45.3 | 219 | 30.0 | 6.61 | 3.52 to 12.42 |
| Missing | 7 | 3.0 | 13 | |||
| Occupational history†,§,¶ | ||||||
| Never exposed | 179 | 76.5 | 565 | 77.5 | 1.00 | – |
| Ever list B/never list A | 29 | 12.4 | 106 | 14.5 | 0.82 | 0.51 to 1.32 |
| Ever exposed list A | 26 | 11.1 | 58 | 8.0 | 1.30 | 0.77 to 2.19 |
| No. of occupations at risk†,§,** | ||||||
| None | 89 | 38.1 | 321 | 44.0 | 1.00 | – |
| 1 | 71 | 30.3 | 226 | 31.0 | 1.22 | 0.80 to 1.85 |
| ⩾2 | 74 | 31.6 | 182 | 25.0 | 1.49 | 0.97 to 2.31 |
| Length of residence (years)†,‡,§ | ||||||
| ⩽30 | 83 | 35.5 | 227 | 31.1 | 1.00 | – |
| >30 | 151 | 64.5 | 502 | 68.9 | 0.81 | 0.58 to 1.14 |
| Reported traffic level†,‡,§,†† | ||||||
| Low | 147 | 62.8 | 419 | 57.5 | 1.00 | – |
| Medium | 28 | 12.0 | 93 | 12.7 | 0.86 | 0.53 to 1.39 |
| High | 59 | 25.2 | 215 | 29.5 | 0.82 | 0.57 to 1.78 |
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 0.3 | |||
| Area of residence†,‡,§ | ||||||
| City centre | 136 | 58.4 | 477 | 65.4 | 1.00 | |
| Northern outskirts | 35 | 15.0 | 99 | 13.6 | 1.29 | 0.82 to 2.03 |
| Southern outskirts | 62 | 26.6 | 153 | 21.0 | 1.51 | 1.04 to 2.18 |