Comparison of renal toxicity and mechanism based markers between exposed and control groups
| Parameter | Activity/concentration, mean (SD) | Significance (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 54) | Exposed (n = 70) | ||
| Parameters expressed per gram creatinine. | |||
| NS, not significant. | |||
| *Statistically different at the 5% level by Student’s t test. | |||
| †Statistically different at the 1% level by Student’s t test. | |||
| GST-α (μg/g) | 6.18 (5.17) | 8.25 (9.56) | NS (0.15) |
| Urinary RBP (μg/g) | 40.6 (24.6) | 39.9 (37.9) | NS (0.91) |
| Urinary ALB (mg/g) | 5.50 (4.27) | 9.71 (11.6) | <0.05* |
| Urinary α1M (mg/g) | 3.83 (1.85) | 5.06 (4.84) | NS (0.08) |
| Urinary β2M (mg/g) | 70.4 (33.9) | 81.9 (67.6) | NS (0.26) |
| Total NAG (U/g) | 2.41 (1.91) | 5.27 (3.78) | <0.01† |
| NAGB (U/g) | 0.63 (0.83) | 1.96 (2.11) | <0.01† |
| NAGA (U/g) | 1.79 (1.51) | 3.31 (2.68) | <0.01† |
| Total protein (mg/g) | 19.5 (17.1) | 22.8 (34.5) | NS (0.54) |
| Formate (mg/g) | 5.55 (3.00) | 9.45 (4.78) | <0.01† |
| MMA (mg/g) | 1.91 (1.23) | 2.00 (1.30) | NS (0.68) |