Anderson JJ et al, 19885 | Knee | Population survey HANES Ix ray diagnosed OA Self administered questionnaire | All job titles during lifetime Exposure estimated by experts using job titles | Physical demand: | OR: 3.1** |
Sedentary | |
Light work | |
Medium work | |
Heavy work | |
Very heavy work | |
Knee bending requirements: | OR: 3.5*** |
None | |
Some (1–50% of job titles) | |
Much (⩾50% of job titles) | |
| | | | | |
Coggon D et al, 199813 | Hip | Case-control study Patients listed for hip replacement because of OA Interview questionnaire | All jobs held for longer than a year since leaving school and up to 10 years before study Maximum level of exposure achieved | Lifting: for more than 10 times in average working week, for at least 10 years: | |
| <10 kg | |
| 10–24 kg | |
| 25–49 kg | |
| ⩾50 kg | OR: 2.1** |
| Number of years (0, 1–9, 10–19, ⩾20): | |
|
Climbing >30 flights of stairs/day
| OR: 1.7** |
| Walking >2 miles/day | |
| Driving >4 h/day | |
| Squatting >1 h/day | |
| Kneeling >1 h/day | |
| Standing >2 h/day | |
| Sitting >2 h/day | |
| | | | | |
Coggon D et al, 200014 | Hip | Case-control study Patients listed for hip replacement because of OA Interview questionnaire | All jobs held for longer than a year since leaving school and up to ten years before study Occupational activities performed for over one year | Lifting for more than 10 times in average working week: | |
| | ⩾10 kg. | OR: 1.7** |
| | ⩾25 kg. | OR: 1.7** |
| | ⩾50 kg. | |
| | Kneeling >1 h/day | OR: 1.8** |
| | Squatting >1 h/day | OR: 2.3** |
| | Walking >2 miles/day | OR: 1.9** |
| | | Standing or walking >2 h/day | |
| | | Sitting >2 h/day | |
| | | Driving >4 h/day | |
| | | Climbing ladder or stairs >30 times/day | |
| | | | All results comparable between males and females | |
| | | | |
| | | | | |
Cooper C et al, 199415 | Knee | Case-control study Symptomatic, x ray diagnosed OA Interview questionnaire | Job held for the longest time before onset of symptoms Exposure in an average day |
Squatting >30 min/day
| OR: 6.9** |
|
Kneeling >30 min/day
| OR: 3.4** |
|
Stairs climbing >10 flights of stairs/day
| OR: 2.7** |
| Lifting weights >25 kg | |
| Walking >2 miles/day | |
| Standing >2 h/day | |
| Sitting >2 h/day | |
| | | Driving >4 h/day | |
| | | | | |
Croft P et al, 199216 | Hip | Case-control study Hip replacement or x ray diagnosed OA Interview questionnaire | Lifetime occupational history Number of years of exposure | Duration in years: | |
| Lifting weights >25 kg by hand: <1, 1–19, ⩾20 | OR: 2.5** |
| Standing >2 h/day: <20, 20–39, ⩾40 | OR: 2.7*** |
| Sitting >2 h/day: <1, 1–19, ⩾20 | |
| | Bending >2 h/day: <1, 1–19, ⩾20 | |
| | | Kneeling >30 min/day: <1, 1–19, ⩾20 | |
| | | | Walking >2 miles/day: <1, 1–19, ⩾20 | |
| | | | Walking rough ground >2 miles/day: <1, 1–19, ⩾20 | |
| | | | Climbing ladders: <1, 1–19, ⩾20 | |
| | | | Squatting >30 min/day: <1, ⩾1 | |
| | | | Running >1 h/day: <1, ⩾1 | |
| | | | Climbing >30 flights stairs/day: <1, ⩾1 | |
| | | | Driving > 4 h/day: <1, ⩾1 | |
| | | | | |
Felson DT et al, 19916 | Knee | Population survey Framingham cohortx ray diagnosed OA | Current occupation in six successive questionnaires (1948–61)Exposure estimated by experts using job titles | Physical demand: | |
| Sedentary: lifting <10lb; occasional walking-standing | |
| Light: lifting <20l.; frequent lifts10lb; frequent walking-standing | |
| | Medium: as in “light” with lifts <50 lb | |
| | |
Heavy: as in “light” with lifts <100 lb
| |
| | | |
Very heavy: as in “light” with lifts 100+ lb
| |
| | | |
+ knee bending /kneeling /crouching/crawling required in job
| OR: 2.4** |
| | | | | |
Heliovaara M et al, 199317 | Hip | Population survey (cohort)Clinical diagnosis of OA Self-administered questionnaire | Last, present or previous occupation of longest duration (if not the last one) involving one of the factors Number of factors (stresses) summed (0 to5) | Lifting/carrying heavy objects | |
| Stooping/twisting/awkward posture | |
| Vibration whole body/equipment continuously repeated series movements | |
| | Working speed determined by machine | |
| | | Total number of stresses: | OR: 2.9*** |
| | | | | |
Holte H et al, 200018 | Any | National disability pensioners survey Clinically diagnosed OA | Occupation in year previous to disability pension Physical demand coded by experts | Manual, skilled and unskilled labour (heavy lifting and bending). | OR: 1.9** |
| |
| | | | | |
Jacobsson B et al, 198719 | Hip | Case-control study Patients on waiting list for hip replacement Self-administered questionnaire | Having been subjected to a factor any time during life (yes/no) |
Heavy labour
| OR: 1.2* |
|
Heavy lifting
| OR: 1.2* |
|
Much tractor driving
| OR: 1.5* |
| | Much walking | |
| | Much standing | |
| | | | | |
Lau EC et al, 200020 | Hip or knee | Case-control studyx ray diagnosed OA Interview questionnaire | Having been engaged in activities (with at least one physical demand) during the occupation held for the longest time(and at least one year) before onset of symptoms (yes/no)No marked difference between hip and knee |
Climbing ⩾15 flights of stairs/day
| OR: 5.1** |
Lifting ⩾10 kg, >10 times/week | OR: 5.4** |
Use vibration tools ⩾1 h/day | (No marked difference between hip and knee) |
| | Walking ⩾2 h/day |
| | | Squatting ⩾1 h/day |
| | | Kneeling ⩾1 h/day |
| | | Driving ⩾4 h/day |
| | | | | |
Manninen P et al, 200221 | Knee | Case-control study Patients with first knee arthroplasty Interview questionnaire | Average exposure in jobs held up to age 49 | Physical workload : | |
| Sweating/rapid heart beat: Frequent | OR: 2.0*** |
| Occasional | |
| Not at all | |
| Standing: almost all the time | |
| > half of average work day | |
| | | < half an average work day | |
| | | Kneeling/squatting: >4 h/day | OR: 1.7** |
| | | 2–4 h/day | |
| | | | <2 h/day | |
| | | | not at all | |
| | | | Climbing: much | OR: 1.6** |
| | | | some | |
| | | | none or very little | |
| | | Cumulative exposure summed for all jobs up to age 49 | Regular walking: average km/week | |
| | | Regular lifting: average weight × no. lifts/day | |
| | | Regular driving: average h/day or week | |
| | | | | |
Olsen O et al, 199422 | Hip | Case-control study Recipients of a hip prosthesis Telephone interview questionnaire | Cumulative exposures summed from the start of the occupational career to age 49 or the year of OA diagnosis | Lifting: kg/week | |
| Number of lifts >40 kg/week | OR: 2.5(***) |
| | Static & dynamic work (not defined): h/week | OR: 2.4(***) |
| | Jumping : no. jumps/week | |
| | | | | |
Roach KE et al, 199423 | Hip | Case-control study Outpatient symptomatic OA Self-administered questionnaire | Cumulative lifetime exposure, as the sum number of years exposed to physical demands, on average more than half of their work day. Individual classified positive if cumulative exposure greater or equal to 15 years | Heavy workload: | OR: 2.4*** |
| Heavy work standing | |
| | Work walking | |
| | Work kneeling/crouching | |
| | Light workload: if no heavy workload and: | |
| | | Light work standing | |
| | | Work sitting | |
| | | Intermediate workload: all other than the above | |
| | | | | |
Sandmark H et al, 200024 | Knee | Case-control study Patients with prosthetic surgery due to primary tibiofemoral OA Telephone interview questionnaire | Cumulative lifetime exposure from age 15 to50. Sum of duration or frequency divided in quartiles of exposure |
Kneeling: h/day
| OR: 1.6** |
|
Squatting/bending: no./day
| OR: 2.0** |
|
Jumping: no./day
| OR: 2.0*** |
| | Standing: h/day | |
| | Sitting: h/day | |
| | Whole body vibrations: h/day | |
| | Climbing: no. stairs/day | |
| | Lifting: kg × no. lifts/day | |
| | | | | |
Schouten JSAG et al, 199225 | Knee | Population survey–cohort followed for 12 yearsx ray defined OA Self-administered questionnaire. | Cumulative lifetime exposure. Score computed as intensity (not defined) of exposure times duration in years summed over all jobs with the exposure. Scores divided in tertiles (low, medium, high) | Lifting heavy objects | |
| Knocking one’s knee | |
| Walking | |
| |
Standing
| OR: 3.8** |
| | Squatting | |
| | Kneeling | |
| | | Crawling | |
| | | | | |
Thelin A et al, 199726 | Hip | Case-control studyx ray diagnosed OA Self-administered questionnaire | Full time working with what they themselves regarded as heavy physical work for a period longer than half a year before 16 years of age | Heavy physical work at young age | OR: 2.1* |
| | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
Vingard E et al, 199127 | Hip | Case-control study Recipients of hip prosthesis Interview and self-administered questionnaires | Cumulative exposure calculated separately in three categories: from start of career to age 29, from age 30 to 49 and over the age of 49. Exposure expressed as summed duration or frequency reported. No difference between age categories | Dynamic workload (all below): | OR: 2.2** |
| Lifting: kg/week; | OR: 1.8** |
| no. lifts>40 kg/week | OR: 2.4** |
| | Jumping: no. jumps/week | |
| | Walking with burden: h/week | |
| | Stairs climbing: h/week | |
| | Static workload (all below): | OR: 2.9** |
| | Standing: h/week | |
| | Sitting: h/week | |
| | | Biking: h/week | |
| | | Driving: h/week | |
| | | Twisted position: h/week | |
| | | | | |
Vingard E et al, 19917 | Hip or knee | Register-based Population cohort study Hospital care for OA | Occupation within 10 years of hospital admission for OA Exposure estimated by experts using job titles and expressed as high or low dynamic or static forces (not defined) acting on the lower extremity | Blue collar with dynamic forces and/or static compression: | |
“High” versus “low”: | |
| | Hip | OR: 2.2* |
| | Knee | OR: 1.9* |
| | | | | |
Vingard E et al, 199728 | Hip | Register-based case- control study Women who underwent total hip replacement for primary OA Interview questionnaire | Cumulative exposure between the age of 16 to 50. Sum of duration of exposure or number of lifts times the weight lifted in an average working week. | Sitting: h/day | |
| Standing: h/day | |
| Working in twisted posture: h/day | |
| | Lifting: 1–5 kg | |
| | 6–10 kg | |
| | 11–15 kg | |
| | 16–20 kg | |
| |
Jumping/movements between different levels: no./week
| OR: 2.1** |
| | | |
Climbing: no. flights of stairs/week
| OR: 2.1** |
| | | | | |
Yoshimura N et al, 200029 | Hip | Case-control study Patients listed for total hip arthroplasty due to OA Interview questionnaire | Exposure in first job and main job (not defined) defined as a job regularly involving each of the physical demand (yes/no). Little difference was found between the results on first job and main job | Lifting: ⩾10 kg more than once/week | |
| ⩾25 kg more than once/week | |
| ⩾50 kg more than once/week | OR: 4.1** |
| Sitting ⩾2 h/? | |
| | Standing ⩾2 h/? | |
| | Kneeling ⩾1 h/? | |
| | Squatting ⩾1 h/? | |
| | Driving ⩾4 h/? | |
| | | Walking ⩾3 km/? | |
| | | Climbing ⩾30 flights of stairs/? | |