Echocardiographic results
| Variable | Group | Age (p value) | Group (p value) | Age* group (p value) | Covariates (p value) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure to cobalt >0.47 mg-y n = 55 | Exposure to cobalt <0.47 mg-y n = 54 | Control n = 57 | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | Adjusted mean | Mean (SD) | Adjusted mean | Mean (SD) | Adjusted mean | |||||
| *Logarithmic transformation was made for the outcome variable before the analysis. | ||||||||||
| LA, left atrium; RVD, right ventricle (diastolic); RVS, right ventricle (systolic); LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEDIDI, left ventricular end diastolic diameter index; LVESD, left ventricular end systolic diameter; IVSD, interventricular septum (diastolic); IVSS, interventricular septum (systolic); LVPWD, left ventricular posterior wall (diastolic); LVPWS, left ventricular posterior wall (systolic); LVMASS, left ventricular mass; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; E, early rapid filling wave; A, filling wave due to atrial contraction; DT, deceleration time; EF, ejection fraction; FS fractional shortening. | ||||||||||
| The diameters and LVMASS normalised for body surface area. | ||||||||||
| LA (mm/m2)* | 19.7 (2.6) | – | 18.7 (2.0) | – | 19.7 (2.6) | – | 0.054 | 0.218 | 0.692 | – |
| RVD (mm/m2) | 11.3 (2.3) | – | 11.2 (2.3) | – | 11.5 (2.1) | – | 0.012 | 0.821 | 0.498 | – |
| RVS (mm/m2) | 10.5 (1.6) | – | 10.6 (1.9) | – | 10.9 (1.8) | – | 0.036 | 0.394 | 0.425 | – |
| LVEDD = LVEDIDI (mm/m2) | 26.7 (2.5) | – | 26.5 (2.5) | – | 27.0 (2.3) | – | 0.679 | 0.453 | 0.618 | – |
| LVESD (mm/m2) | 16.7 (2.4) | – | 16.7 (2.1) | – | 17.0 (1.9) | – | 0.626 | 0.368 | 0.224 | – |
| IVSD (mm/m2) | 6.2 (1.0) | 6.3 | 6.0 (0.8) | 6.0 | 6.1 (0.7) | 6.0 | 0.075 | 0.198 | 0.294 | bp (0.012) |
| IVSS (mm/m2)* | 8.3 (1.1) | 8.3 | 7.9 (1.0) | 8.1 | 8.0 (0.9) | 8.0 | 0.026 | 0.292 | 0.370 | bp (0.009) |
| LVPWD (mm/m2)* | 5.7 (0.8) | – | 5.3 (0.6) | – | 5.25 (0.6) | – | 0.024 | 0.005 | 0.058 | – |
| LVPWS (mm/m2)* | 8.2 (1.0) | – | 7.9 (1.0) | – | 7.9 (1.1) | – | 0.208 | 0.196 | 0.158 | – |
| LVMASS (gr/m2) | 149.9 (28.1) | 150.9 | 145.1 (24.0) | 145.2 | 145.5 (29.3) | 145.2 | 0.865 | 0.481 | 0.998 | bp (0.009) |
| (IVSD+LVPWD)/LVEDD ratio | 0.45 (0.09) | 0.46 | 0.44 (0.06) | 0.44 | 0.42 (0.05) | 0.42 | 0.263 | 0.011 | 0.064 | bp (0.016) |
| IVRT (ms)* | 53.3 (7.9) | 53.6 | 49.1 (7.2) | 49.2 | 49.7 (10.0) | 49.8 | 0.022 | 0.010 | 0.243 | bmi (0.009) hr (0.034) |
| E/A ratio* | 1.33 (0.33) | 1.32 | 1.41 (0.36) | 1.37 | 1.37 (0.34) | 1.39 | 0.041 | 0.398 | 0.197 | bp (0.002) hr (<0.001) |
| DT (ms)* | 194.3 (32.1) | 192.4 | 180.5 (28.2) | 179.1 | 171.7 (28.5) | 172.0 | 0.179 | 0.001 | 0.151 | hr (<0.001) |
| EF (%) | 75.2 (6.2) | – | 74.9 (5.2) | – | 74.5 (5.2) | – | 0.060 | 0.527 | 0.138 | – |
| FS (%) | 37.6 (5.1) | – | 37.3 (4.2) | – | 36.9 (4.5) | – | 0.124 | 0.522 | 0.161 | – |