No. of subjects | 33 | 46 | 42 |
No. of urinary samples | 376 | 471 | 402 |
Sex, n (%) | | | |
Female | 9 (27) | 3 (7) | 18 (43) |
Male | 24 (73) | 43 (93) | 24 (57) |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 70.8 (8.5) | 64.5 (8.1) | 68.0 (6.4) |
Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.1 (3.3) | 27.3 (2.5) | 28.9 (4.1) |
Asthma, n (%) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 8 (19) |
COPD*, n (%) | 7 (21) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
Chronic bronchitis, n (%) | 4 (12) | 2 (4) | 3 (7) |
Emphysema, n (%) | 2 (6) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
Chronic respiratory disorder†, n (%) | 16 (48) | 19 (41) | 29 (69) |
FEV1/FVC, %, mean (SD) | 69.8 (9.7) | 75.7 (6.5) | 75.0 (7.2) |
Smoking, n (%) | | | |
Currently non-smoker | 33 (100) | 46 (100) | 42 (100) |
Never-smoker | 4 (12) | 9 (20) | 18 (43) |
Ex-smoker | 29 (88) | 37 (80) | 24 (57) |
Environmental tobacco smoke at home, n (%) | 4 (12) | 8 (17) | 0 (0) |
Regular daily medication, n (%) | | | |
Bronchodilator | 2 (6) | 1 (2) | 2 (5) |
Inhalable corticosteroids | 2 (6) | 1 (2) | 8 (19) |