Combined physical risk factors for onset of neck/shoulder pain with pressure tenderness (clinical cases) among industrial workers
| Combined physical exposure | n | Cases | OR*crude | ORadj† (95% CI) | ORint‡ (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *OR, odds ratio. | |||||
| †Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, intrinsic effort, physical leisure time activity, psychosocial risk factors, pain pressure threshold, and level of distress. | |||||
| ‡Exclusion of non-exposed reference group. Same adjustments as in †. | |||||
| Repetition and force | |||||
| Reference | 1600 | 14 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Low repetition and low force | 1421 | 22 | 1.8 | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.7) | 1.0 |
| High repetition and low force | 638 | 26 | 4.8 | 3.3 (1.6 to 6.9) | 2.4 (1.3 to 4.5) |
| Low repetition and high force | 475 | 5 | 1.2 | 1.3 (0.4 to 3.7) | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.1) |
| High repetition and high force | 566 | 14 | 2.9 | 2.6 (1.2 to 5.9) | 2.2 (1.1 to 4.7) |
| Repetition and percentage of working time with neck flexed ⩾20° | |||||
| Reference | 1598 | 14 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Low repetition and low % of time | 1494 | 18 | 1.4 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.5) | 1.0 |
| High repetition and low % of time | 339 | 10 | 3.4 | 2.5 (1.0 to 6.0) | 1.9 (0.9 to 4.6) |
| Low repetition and high % of time | 402 | 9 | 2.6 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.1) | 1.2 (0.5 to 3.0) |
| High repetition and high % of time | 865 | 30 | 4.1 | 3.2 (1.6 to 6.4) | 2.6 (1.4 to 4.8) |
| Repetition and recovery time | |||||
| Reference | 1600 | 14 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Low repetition and high recovery | 436 | 4 | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.3 to 3.1) | 1.0 |
| High repetition and high recovery | 60 | 1 | 1.9 | 1.5 (0.2 to 11.9) | 1.4 (0.2 to 13.2) |
| Low repetition and low recovery | 1421 | 23 | 1.9 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.9) | 1.4 (0.5 to 4.1) |
| High repetition and low recovery | 1091 | 37 | 4,0 | 3.1 (1.6 to 6.0) | 3.0 (1.1 to 8.6) |