Summary relative risks (RRs) (95% CIs) of mortality associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in the concentration of pollutants across the EMECAM cities (cardiovascular mortality, ICD-9: 390–459)
| Single pollutant models | Two pollutant models‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pollutant (μg/m3) | Cities (n) | Lag† | RR (95% CI) | Q (p value)§ | RR (95% CI) | Q (p value)§ |
| *Random effects model, fixed effects model otherwise; †lag 01, average of pollutant concentrations of the concurrent day and the first lag; 0 pollutant concentrations of the concurrent day; ‡estimates of association for particulates were controlled for SO2 24 h concentrations. Estimates of association for SO2 were controlled for black smoke concentrations if available, and TSP or PM10 otherwise; §p value for χ2 of heterogeneity. | ||||||
| Black smoke | 7 | 01 | 1.003 (0.998 to 1.008) | 0.391 | 1.005* (0.995 to 1.015) | 0.050 |
| 24 h mean | 1.003 (0.997 to 1.010) | |||||
| Total suspended particles | 5 | 01 | 1.007 (1.001 to 1.014) | 0.390 | 1.010* (1.000 to 1.020) | 0.146 |
| 24 h mean | 1.011 (1.003 to 1.018) | |||||
| PM10 | 3 | 01 | 1.012 (1.005 to 1.018) | 0.684 | 1.024* (1.001 to 1.048) | 0.097 |
| 24 h mean | 1.021 (1.007 to 1.035) | |||||
| SO2 | 13 | 01 | 1.005* (0.998 to 1.011) | 0.104 | 1.000* (0.990 to 1.011) | 0.009 |
| 24 h mean | 1.007 (1.003 to 1.012) | 1.002 (0.996 to 1.008) | ||||
| SO2 | 7 | 0 | 1.001* (0.999 to 1.003) | 0.070 | 1.002 (1.000 to 1.004) | 0.515 |
| 1 h maximum | 1.002 (1.000 to 1.003) | |||||