Summary relative risks (RRs) (95% CIs) of mortality associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in the concentration of pollutants across the EMECAM cities (all causes excluding external, ICD-9 001–799)
| Single pollutant models | Two pollutant models‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pollutant (μg/m3) | Cities (n) | Lag† | RR (95% CI) | Q (p value)§ | RR (95% CI) | Q (p value)§ |
| *Random effects model, fixed effects model otherwise; †lag 01, mean pollutant concentrations of the concurrent day and the first lag; 0, pollutant concentrations of the concurrent day; ‡estimates of association for particulates were controlled for SO2 24 h concentrations. Estimates of association for SO2 were controlled for black smoke concentrations if available, and TSP or PM10 otherwise; §p value for χ2 of heterogeneity. | ||||||
| Black smoke | 7 | 01 | 1.008 (1.004 to 1.011) | 0.591 | 1.008* (1.003 to 1.013) | 0.170 |
| 24 h mean | 1.007 (1.004 to 1.011) | |||||
| Total suspended particles | 5 | 01 | 1.004* (0.997 to 1.011) | 0.015 | 1.006* (0.997 to 1.015) | 0.008 |
| 24 h mean | 1.006 (1.003 to 1.010) | 1.009 (1.005 to 1.013) | ||||
| PM10 | 3 | 01 | 1.006* (0.998 to 1.015) | 0.196 | 1.013 (1.006 to 1.020) | 0.263 |
| 24 h mean | 1.005 (1.001 to 1.010) | |||||
| SO2 | 13 | 01 | 1.005* (1.001 to 1.010) | 0.070 | 1.002* (0.996 to 1.007) | 0.017 |
| 24 h mean | 1.005 (1.002 to 1.008) | 1.003 (0.999 to 1.009) | ||||
| SO2 | 7 | 0 | 1.001* (1.000 to 1.003) | 0.109 | 1.002 (1.000 to 1.003) | 0.203 |
| 1 h maximum | 1.002 (1.001 to 1.002) | |||||