Definition, symptoms, and signs of syndromes of the forearm
| Case definition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Self reported symptoms | Clinical examination | |
| At baseline | ||
| Symptom cases | ||
| Present symptom case | At least moderate pain in the forearm within the past 7 days. | |
| Chronic symptom case | Quite a lot of pain/discomfort and pain/discomfort more than 30 days within the past 12 months. | |
| Clinical cases | ||
| Clinical forearm case | At least moderate pain in the forearm within the past 7 days combined with quite a lot of pain/discomfort during the past 12 months. | Moderate/severe palpation tenderness (graded 2 or 3) in the proximal aspect of the forearm. |
| Supinator syndrome | At least moderate pain in the forearm within the past 7 days combined with quite a lot of pain/discomfort during the past 12 months. | Substantial pressure palpation tenderness (grade 2 or 3) over the fibrous arch at the origin of the supinator muscle (the arcade of Frohse). Furthermore, resisted supination of the forearm and/or resisted extension of the middle finger should produce pain in the same area.15 |
| Pronator teres case | At least moderate pain in the forearm within the past 7 days combined with quite a lot of pain/discomfort during the past 12 months. | Substantial pressure palpation tenderness (grade 2 or 3) on the volar side of the proximal forearm. Furthermore, resisted pronation of the forearm and/or resisted flexion of the middle finger should produce pain in the pronator teres area or paresthesias in dig 1–3.15 |
| At follow up | ||
| Symptom cases | ||
| Incident symptom case | At baseline: None or less than moderate pain in the forearm within the past 7 days combined with less than “some” pain/discomfort during the past 12 months; and | |
| At follow up: At least moderate to severe pain in the forearm within the past 7 days combined with quite a lot of pain/discomfort during the past 12 months. | ||
| Clinical cases | ||
| Incident clinical forearm case | Same as incident symptom case combined with clinical findings. | Moderate/severe palpation tenderness (graded 2 or 3) in the proximal aspect of the forearm. |