Individual factors: |
Age (y) | | | | | | 0.004 |
<35 | | | | 1.0 | | |
35–44 | | | | 1.2 | 0.8 to 2.0 | |
45–54 | | | | 1.8 | 1.1 to 2.8 | |
⩾55 | | | | 2.6 | 1.4 to 4.7 | |
Sex | | | | | | 0.18 |
Male | | | | 1.0 | | |
Female | | | | 1.3 | 0.9 to 1.8 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | | | | | | 0.001 |
<23 | 1.0 | | | 1.0 | | |
23.0–25.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 to 1.7 | | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.7 | |
26.0–28.9 | 1.8 | 1.2 to 2.6 | | 1.7 | 1.1 to 2.6 | |
⩾29.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 to 3.3 | | 2.2 | 1.4 to 3.6 | |
Mental stress | | | | | | 0.11 |
Not at all | 1.0 | | | 1.0 | | |
Only little | 1.4 | 0.9 to 2.0 | | 1.3 | 0.8 to 2.0 | |
To some extent | 1.7 | 1.1 to 2.5 | | 1.5 | 1.0 to 2.4 | |
Rather much or much | 2.1 | 1.3 to 3.5 | | 1.9 | 1.1 to 3.3 | |
Jogging | | | | | | 0.012 |
Not at all or only little | 1.0 | | | 1.0 | | |
Moderately | 0.8 | 0.5 to 1.4 | | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.2 | |
Actively | 0.4 | 0.2 to 0.9 | | 0.3 | 0.1 to 0.8 | |
Dancing | | | | | | 0.087 |
Not at all or only little | 1.0 | | | 1.0 | | |
Moderately | 1.7 | 1.1 to 2.5 | | 1.6 | 1.0 to 2.5 | |
Actively | 1.3 | 0.8 to 2.1 | | 1.4 | 0.8 to 2.5 | |
Work related factors: | | | | | | |
Physical strenuousness of work | | | | | | 0.004 |
Not at all or rather light | 1.0 | | | 1.0 | | |
Somewhat strenuous | 1.7 | 1.2 to 2.3 | | 1.6 | 1.1 to 2.3 | |
Rather or very strenuous | 2.4 | 1.7 to 3.4 | | 2.0 | 1.3 to 3.1 | |
Working with a hand above shoulder level (h/day) | | | | | | 0.57 |
<1/2 | 1.0 | | | 1.0 | | |
1/2–1 | 1.4 | 1.0 to 2.0 | | 1.1 | 0.8 to 1.6 | |
>1 | 1.8 | 1.3 to 2.6 | | 1.3 | 0.8 to 1.9 | |
Working with the trunk flexed forward (h/day) | | | | | | 0.044 |
<1/2 | 1.0 | | | 1.0 | | |
1/2–1 | 2.1 | 1.5 to 3.0 | | 1.7 | 1.2 to 2.5 | |
1–2 | 1.5 | 1.0 to 2.4 | | 1.2 | 0.7 to 2.0 | |
>2 | 2.3 | 1.6 to 3.2 | | 1.6 | 0.9 to 2.6 | |
Twisting movements of the trunk during a workday | | | | | | |
Not at all | 1.0 | | | | | |
Little or moderately | 2.9 | 1.3 to 6.7 | | | | |
Much | 5.1 | 2.1 to 12.3 | | | | |
Working in sitting position (h/day) | | | | | | |
<2 | 1.0 | | | | | |
2–4 | 0.7 | 0.5 to 1.0 | | | | |
>4 | 0.7 | 0.5 to 0.9 | | | | |
Working with rotated neck (h/day) | | | | | | |
<1/2 | 1.0 | | | | | |
1/2–1 | 1.3 | 1.0 to 1.9 | | | | |
>1 | 1.6 | 1.2 to 2.2 | | | | |