The maximum 5 minute UFP numbers above baseline, and the particle size at peak concentration for each cooking method
| Experiment | Cooking fuel | n2-150 |
Peak concentration above baseline of UFP/cm3
mean (SD) ×104 |
Particle size (nm) at peak concentration mean (SD) | |
| Rings: | |||||
| 1 Ring | Gas | 4 | 2.6 (1.2) | 16 (13) | |
| Electric | 5 | 9.4 (7.2)2-151 | 32 (14)2-151 | ||
| 4 Rings | Gas | 6 | 14.6 (8.3) | 26 (12) | |
| Electric | 6 | 11.1 (10.4) | 37 (13) | ||
| Boil water | Gas | 4 | 13.3 (8.1) | 17 (5) | |
| Electric | 5 | —2-152 | —2-152 | ||
| Stir fry | Gas | 5 | 13.7 (12.6) | 41 (8) | |
| Electric | 3 | 1.1 (0.2) | 22 (2) | ||
| Fry bacon | Gas | 6 | 59.0 (14.7) | 69 (10) | |
| Electric | 5 | 15.9 (5.0) | 72 (20) | ||
| Oven: | |||||
| Bake cake | Gas | 2 | 9.8 (0.9) | 34 (1) | |
| Electric | 2 | 3.0 (0.1) | 38 (6) | ||
| Roast meat | Gas | 3 | 12.4 (2.0) | 31 (7) | |
| Electric | 2 | 2.4 (1.4) | —2-153 | ||
| Bake potatoes | Gas | 3 | 12.5 (5.5) | 39 (2) | |
| Electric | 2 | 1.6 (1.2) | 46 (4) | ||
| Grill: | |||||
| Grill only | Gas | 5 | 10.3 (12.4) | 24 (6) | |
| Electric | 5 | 7.7 (11.1) | 20 (7) | ||
| Toast | Gas | 5 | 13.8 (13.9) | 25 (6) | |
| Electric | 4 | 13.4 (4.0) | 27 (5) | ||
| Grill bacon | Gas | 4 | 41.3 (10.8) | 39 (7) | |
| Electric | 3 | 53.0 (3.8) | 53 (9) | ||
↵2-150 Fewer replicated oven experiments were able to be carried out owing to a temporary failure of the SMPS system.
↵2-151 Based on three of the five experiments, as two of the experiments did not show a rise in particle numbers.
↵2-152 No change in concentration due to the cooking method.
↵2-153 Not possible to give one size (multiple peaks).