Table 4

Relations between occupational load and low back pain

Exposure	Total	Low back pain n (%)	Adjusted for age and sex OR (95% CI)
Lifting >25 lb (11 kg) with one hand:	Yes	228	76 (33)	1.7 (1.2 to 2.4)
Lifting >25 lb (11 kg) with one hand:	No	832	181 (22)	1.7 (1.2 to 2.4)

Lifting >50 lb (23 kg) with two hands	Yes	103	35 (34)	1.6 (1.01 to 2.5)
Lifting >50 lb (23 kg) with two hands	No	950	221 (23)	1.6 (1.01 to 2.5)

Carrying >50 lb (23 kg) on one shoulder	Yes	100	44 (44)	2.4 (1.5 to 3.8)
Carrying >50 lb (23 kg) on one shoulder	No	962	217 (23)	2.4 (1.5 to 3.8)

Lift >25 lb (11 kg) at or above shoulder level	Yes	146	44 (30)	1.3 (0.9 to 2.0)
Lift >25 lb (11 kg) at or above shoulder level	No	911	210 (23)	1.3 (0.9 to 2.0)

Pulling >50 lb (23 kg)	Yes	168	50 (30)	1.5 (1.03 to 2.2)
Pulling >50 lb (23 kg)	No	892	206 (23)	1.5 (1.03 to 2.2)

Pushing >100 lb (45 kg)	Yes	136	39 (29)	1.5 (0.9 to 2.3)
Pushing >100 lb (45 kg)	No	921	217 (24)	1.5 (0.9 to 2.3)

Standing ⩾4 h	Yes	192	55 (29)	1.4 (0.97 to 2.0)
Standing ⩾4 h	No	880	205 (23)	1.4 (0.97 to 2.0)

Driving ⩾15 minutes	Yes	101	24 (24)	1.2 (0.7 to 2.0)
Driving ⩾15 minutes	No	976	236 (24)	1.2 (0.7 to 2.0)

Stretching down below knee level ⩾15 minutes	Yes	138	43 (31)	1.5 (0.99 to 2.3)
Stretching down below knee level ⩾15 minutes	No	931	216 (23)	1.5 (0.99 to 2.3)

Bending forwards in an uncomfortable position ⩾15 minutes	Yes	288	77 (27)	1.1 (0.8 to 1.6)
Bending forwards in an uncomfortable position ⩾15 minutes	No	772	180 (23)	1.1 (0.8 to 1.6)

Squatting ⩾15 minutes	Yes	151	46 (30)	1.5 (0.98 to 2.2)
Squatting ⩾15 minutes	No	905	211 (23)	1.5 (0.98 to 2.2)