Byproduct
|
Usual concentration in drinking water
|
Doses given in drinking water or gavage (mg/kg/day)
|
Teratogenic effects
|
Reference (year)
|
Chloral hydrate | <20 μg/l | 16 and 160 mg/kg | No adverse effects on body weight or malformations found | Kallman et al
12 (1984) |
| | 55 and 188 mg/kg | Decreased sperm motility in male rats at highest dose only | Klinefelter13 (1995) |
| | | | |
Trihalomethanes: | | | | |
Chloroform | <100 μg/l | 100–400 mg/kg orally | Reduced foetal body weight at highest dose, evidence for fetotoxic response, no teratogenic effects | Ruddick et al
14(1983) |
0–126 mg/kg orally | No evidence of teratogenicity, reduced foetal weight only at highest dose | Thompsonet al
15 (1974) |
30–300 ppm inhalation | Growth retardation and minor skeletal aberrations at all concentrations and minor embryo and fetotoxicity at high concentrations | Schwetz et al
16 (1974) |
0–100 ppm inhalation | Pregnancy loss, reduced foetal body weight and crown-rump length at high dose | Murray et al
17 (1979) |
Bromoform | <6 μg/l | 0–200 mg/kg | No effect on fertility or reproduction indices, including sperm density, motility, and morphology | Gulati et al
18(1989) |
100–400 mg/kg orally | Evidence for fetotoxic response, no effect on foetal weight, no teratogenic effects | Ruddicket al
14 (1983) |
Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) | <50 μg/l | 50–200 mg/kg orally | No reduction in foetal body weight, no fetotoxic response, no teratogenic effects | Ruddick et al
14 (1983) |
25–75 mg/kg | Foetal resorption at 50 and 75 mg/kg doses. No effect on duration of gestation, pup survical, weight, and morphology | Narotsky et al
19 (1997) |
22 and 39 mg/kg | Decreased sperm motility in male rats at highest dose only | Klinefelter13(1995) |
0–1500 ppm orally | No findings related to treatment in male and female reproductive variables | NTP20 (1999) |
5.8–40.3 mg/kg/day orally | No reprotoxicological effects in males and females | Delaney et al
21 (1997) |
Chlorodibromomethane (CDBM) | <45 μg/l | 50–200 mg/kg orally | No foetal weight reduction, evidence of fetotoxic response, no teratogenic effect | Ruddick et al
14 (1983) |
| | 0–685 mg/kg | Decreased litter size, and pup viability at high dose, slight depression of foetal weight | Borzellecaet al
22 (1982) |
| | | | |
Chlorophenols | <1 μg/l | 3–300 mg/kg | CP: increased conception rate and stillbirth; reduction in size of litters at highest dose only | Exon et al
23 (1985) |
2-Chlorophenol (CP) | 3–300 mg/kg | DCP: No adverse effect on reproductive performance | Exon et al
24(1994) |
2,4-Dichlorophenol (DCP) |
| | | |
Halogenated acetic acids: | | | |
Dicholoroacetic acid (DCAA) | <100 μg/l | 14–2400 mg/kg | DCAA: increased embryonic resorption = 900 mg/kg, reduction in body weight and cardiac malformations =140 mg/kg | Smith et al
25 (1992) |
| | 0–125 mg/kg/day | DCAA: inhibited spermiation at highest dose, reduced epidymal sperm counts and sperm motility, sperm morphology impacted also at lower doses | Toth et al
26 (1992) |
| | 0–3000 mg/kg/day | DCAA: delayed spermiation, decreased sperm motility and morphologic abnormalities | Linder et al
27(1997) |
Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) | | 330–1800 mg/kg | TCAA: increased embryonic resorption, reduction in body weight and increase in cardiovascular malformations at all doses. Skeletal malformations found at highest dose only | Smithet al
28 (1989) |
Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) | | 0–100 mg/kg/day | MBAA: no effects | Linder et al
29 (1994) |
Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) | | 0–270 mg/kg/day | DBAA: reduced epididymal sperm counts and sperm motility, morphological changes | Linder et al
30 (1994) |
| 0–1250 mg/kg/day | DBAA: Sperm motility and morphology effected | Linder et al
29(1994) |
| 0–250 mg/kg | DBAA: reduction in sperm motility and sperm count at highest dose only, and moderate changes at lower doses | Linder et al
31 (1995) |
| 0–250 mg/kg/day | DBAA: spermatid changes | Linderet al
32 (1997) |
| | | | |
Halogenated acetonitriles: | | | | |
Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) | <10 μg/l mostly <1 μg/l | 1–55 mg/kg | DCAN: increased foetal resorption and reduction in foetal body weight with increasing dose. Cardiovascular, skeletal, and urogenital malformations ⩾45 mg/kg. | Smithet al
33 (1987) |
Trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) | | 1–555 mg/kg | TCAN: increased foetal resorption and reduction in foetal body weight with increasing dose. Cardiovascular and urogenital malformations at ⩾15 mg/kg. No skeletal defects found. | Smith et al
34 (1989) Smith et al
35 (1988) |
| | | | |
Hydroxyfuranone (MX) | <0.1 μg/l | | No data | |
| | | | |
Chlorinated acetones | <1 μg/l | | No data | |