Ambient and biological monitoring of different tungsten species
| n | Tungsten species |
Tungsten in air (μg/m3) mean (range) | Tungsten in urine (μg/g creatinine) mean (range) | |
| Powder processing | 4 | W | 203.5 (177.0–254.0) | 13.8 (2.6–21.1) |
| Forming, pressing, sintering | 8 | WC | 53.5 (5.3–211.0) | 9.5 (2.2–33.1) |
| Production WC | 1 | WC, WO, W | 19.1 | 59.6 |
| Grinding (wet) | 1 | WO4 2− | 3.3 | 70.9 |
| Grinding (dry) | 1 | WO, WC | 81.3 | 10.6 |
WO=tungsten oxide, WO4 2− = tungstenate, W=tungsten metal, WC=tungsten carbide.