PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Manoj Kumar Honaryar
AU  - Ruth M Lunn
AU  - Danièle Luce
AU  - Wolfgang Ahrens
AU  - Andrea ’t Mannetje
AU  - Johnni Hansen
AU  - Liacine Bouaoun
AU  - Dana Loomis
AU  - Graham Byrnes
AU  - Nadia Vilahur
AU  - Leslie Stayner
AU  - Neela Guha
TI  - Welding fumes and lung cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies
AID  - 10.1136/oemed-2018-105447
DP  - 2019 Jun 01
TA  - Occupational and Environmental Medicine
PG  - 422--431
VI  - 76
IP  - 6
4099  - http://oem.bmj.com/content/76/6/422.short
4100  - http://oem.bmj.com/content/76/6/422.full
SO  - Occup Environ Med2019 Jun 01; 76
AB  - Background An estimated 110 million workers are exposed to welding fumes worldwide. Welding fumes are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans (group 1), based on sufficient evidence of lung cancer from epidemiological studies.Objective To conduct a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies on welding or exposure to welding fumes and risk of lung cancer, accounting for confounding by exposure to asbestos and tobacco smoking.Methods The literature was searched comprehensively in PubMed, reference lists of relevant publications and additional databases. Overlapping populations were removed. Meta-relative risks (mRRs) were calculated using random effects models. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot, Eggers’s test and Begg’s test.Results Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria (20 case-control, 25 cohort/nested case-control), which reduced to 37 when overlapping study populations were removed. For ‘ever’ compared with ‘never’ being a welder or exposed to welding fumes, mRRs and 95% CIs were 1.29 (1.20 to 1.39; I2=26.4%; 22 studies) for cohort studies, 1.87 (1.53 to 2.29; I2=44.1%; 15 studies) for case-control studies and 1.17 (1.04 to 1.38; I2=41.2%) for 8 case-control studies that adjusted for smoking and asbestos exposure. The mRRs were 1.32 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.45; I2=6.3%; 15 studies) among ‘shipyard welders’, 1.44 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.95; I2=35.8%; 3 studies) for ‘mild steel welders’ and 1.38 (95% CI 0.89 to 2.13; I2=68.1%; 5 studies) among ‘stainless steel welders’. Increased risks persisted regardless of time period, geographic location, study design, occupational setting, exposure assessment method and histological subtype.Conclusions These results support the conclusion that exposure to welding fumes increases the risk of lung cancer, regardless of the type of steel welded, the welding method (arc vs gas welding) and independent of exposure to asbestos or tobacco smoking.