Abstract

Objectives: The UK Ministry of Defence controls a biological monitoring programme that includes testing for uranium in personnel who served in the conflict in Iraq in 2003. To help interpret the results, the MoD commissioned this study, to quantify a normative reference distribution of urinary uranium concentrations in military personnel who had not served in that conflict. Methods: The study selected and visited various military establishments to recruit a representative mix of ranks, genders, and occupational groups (combat, support and auxiliary). A standardised protocol and recruitment questionnaire were used. The 125 ml spot urine samples collected were analysed for uranium and creatinine concentrations and (where possible) for uranium isotope 238U/235U ratio. Results: In all, samples from 732 eligible subjects were analysed. Adjusted uranium concentrations ranged up to over 556 ng.g-1 creatinine, somewhat higher than reference values quoted for the USA, but much lower than recorded in granite areas e.g. Finland. Isotope ratio measurements were available for 125 samples (17%) with the highest concentrations; these all had a natural isotope signature, and no evidence of depleted uranium (DU). On average, urinary uranium concentrations were somewhat lower in officers than in other ranks; they differed also across the Services, the Navy being lowest and the Army highest. The levels give no concern for health risks in the personnel studied. Conclusion: Since even the highest values were from natural sources, we assume the differences represent differences in ingestion of natural uranium. Definition of a reference distribution or normal values will depend on the sub-population of interest.