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Systematic review
Doctors’ perceived working conditions, psychological health and patient care: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
  1. Kevin Teoh1,
  2. Jasmeet Singh2,
  3. Asta Medisauskaite3,
  4. Juliet Hassard4
  1. 1 Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
  2. 2 Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
  3. 3 Research Department of Medical Education, UCL, London, UK
  4. 4 Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
  1. Correspondence to Dr Kevin Teoh, Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck University of London, London WC1E 7HXL, UK; k.teoh{at}bbk.ac.uk

Abstract

Objectives Studies have demonstrated an association between doctors’ perceived working conditions, and their psychological well-being and patient care. However, few have examined inter-relationships among these three domains, and even fewer using longitudinal designs. Using meta-analytical structural equation modelling, we tested longitudinal relationships among doctors’ perceived working conditions, their psychological well-being and patient care. We further tested if doctors’ psychological well-being mediates the relationship between perceived working conditions and patient care.

Methods We carried out a systematic review using Academic Search Premier, Business Source Premier, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Medline for the 20-year period between January 2000 and the start of the pandemic (January 2020). We included studies with practising doctors as participants, and that reported a quantifiable bivariate effect size between at least two of the three constructs of interest—perceived working conditions (ie, job demands, job resource), psychological well-being (ie, emotional exhaustion, work engagement) and patient care (ie, clinical care, patient safety). We pooled relationship effect sizes using random-effects meta-analysis, before testing for indirect effects using two-stage structural equation modelling.

Results Twenty-three samples from 11 countries representing 7275 doctors were meta-analysed. The results indicated that job resources predicted work engagement (ρ=0.18; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.24) and emotional exhaustion (ρ=−0.21; 95% CI −0.31 to −0.11), while job demands predicted emotional exhaustion (ρ=0.27; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.36). Better clinical care was also associated with higher levels of job resources (ρ=0.16; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.29), and lower levels of emotional exhaustion (ρ=−0.21; 95% CI −0.37 to −0.12) and job demands (ρ=−0.27; 95% CI −0.43 to −0.10). Both factors of the work environment were associated with clinical care through doctors’ emotional exhaustion, but there were insufficient studies to test the indirect effects for work engagement or patient safety.

Conclusion Our results demonstrate the need for a systems perspective to address working conditions to support both doctors’ psychological well-being and patient care. Interventions should target doctors’ job resources as they are more strongly associated with psychological well-being. However, given that job demands were strongly associated with emotional exhaustion, and in turn, clinical care, there is a need to better manage doctors’ workload, conflict and pressure to support the current psychological well-being crises among this occupational group.

PROSPERO registration number CRD42020189070.

  • health services research
  • burnout, psychological
  • occupational stress
  • health personnel
  • workload

https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2022-108486

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    Footnotes

    • Twitter @kevinteohrh, @astamedis

    • Contributors KT, AM and JH conceptualised and designed the study. All authors were involved in the review (data collection process). KT and JS carried out data analysis and interpretation. KT drafted the first manuscript and all authors reviewed, revised and approved the final manuscript.

    • Funding This project was funded by a Birkbeck School of Business, Economics and Informatics Research Grant and a Birkbeck COVID-19 Impact Fund.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.