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  • Maternal occupational exposure to solvents and gastroschisis in offspring - National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2011

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Maternal occupational exposure to solvents and gastroschisis in offspring - National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2011
  1. Nynke Spinder1,2,3,
  2. Lynn M Almli1,
  3. Tania A Desrosiers4,
  4. Kathryn E Arnold1,
  5. Jorieke E H Bergman3,
  6. Hans Kromhout5,
  7. H Marike Boezen6,
  8. Hermien E K de Walle3,
  9. Carissa Rocheleau7,
  10. Jennita Reefhuis1
  1. 1 National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
  2. 2 Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  3. 3 Department of Genetics, Univeristy of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  4. 4 Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
  5. 5 Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  6. 6 Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  7. 7 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
  1. Correspondence to Nynke Spinder, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; n.spinder{at}umcg.nl

Abstract

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the association between maternal occupational exposure to solvents and gastroschisis in offspring.

Methods We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large population-based case-control study of major birth defects conducted in 10 US states from 1997 to 2011. Infants with gastroschisis were ascertained by active birth defects surveillance systems. Control infants without major birth defects were selected from vital records or birth hospital records. Self-reported maternal occupational histories were collected by telephone interview. Industrial hygienists reviewed this information to estimate exposure to aromatic, chlorinated and petroleum-based solvents from 1 month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy. Cumulative exposure to solvents was estimated for the same period accounting for estimated exposure intensity and frequency, job duration and hours worked per week. ORs and 95% CIs were estimated to assess the association between exposure to any solvents or solvent classes, and gastroschisis risk.

Results Among 879 cases and 7817 controls, the overall prevalence of periconceptional solvent exposure was 7.3% and 7.4%, respectively. Exposure to any solvent versus no exposure to solvents was not associated with gastroschisis after adjusting for maternal age (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.32), nor was an association noted for solvent classes. There was no exposure-response relationship between estimated cumulative solvent exposure and gastroschisis after adjusting for maternal age.

Conclusion Our study found no association between maternal occupational solvent exposure and gastroschisis in offspring. Further research is needed to understand risk factors for gastroschisis.

  • gastroschisis
  • maternal
  • occupational
  • periconceptional
  • Solvents
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-106147

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors NS participated in the study design, analysis, interpretation of the data and drafted the manuscript and tables. LA contributed to the study design and interpretation of the data, and replicated the analyses. JR contributed to study design and interpretation of the data. KA assisted and provided guidance with outcome definitions. CR assisted and provided guidance with the occupational exposure assessment and interpretation, and writing the methods section. HK provided guidance with occupational exposure interpretation. TD, HdW, JB and MB provided critical evaluation of the study design and interpretation of the data. JR and HdW initiated the study. All authors critically revised the manuscript.

    • Funding This project was supported through Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cooperative agreements under PA #96043, PA #02081, FOA #DD09-001, FOA #DD13-003 and NOFO #DD18-001 to the Centers for Birth Defects Research and Prevention participating in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). This work was supported by contract 200-2000-08018 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Nynke Spinder was paid by the Graduate School of Medical Sciences (MD/PhD programme), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands and received funding from the Ubbo Emmius Fund, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient consent for publication Not required.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data availability statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.