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  • Maternal preconception and first trimester exposure to PM10 and the risk of oral clefts in offspring: a population-based, case–control study

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Environment
Original research
Maternal preconception and first trimester exposure to PM10 and the risk of oral clefts in offspring: a population-based, case–control study
  1. Fang-Hua Liu1,2,
  2. Hui-Xu Dai1,2,
  3. Ting-Ting Gong3,
  4. Jia-Yu Zhang1,2,
  5. Jing Li4,
  6. Zong-Jiao Chen5,
  7. Li-Li Li6,
  8. Yan-Ling Chen7,
  9. Shu Liu5,
  10. Cheng-Zhi Jiang8,
  11. Yan-Hong Huang9,
  12. Yu-Hong Zhao1,2,
  13. Qi-Jun Wu1,2
  1. 1 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  2. 2 Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  3. 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  4. 4 Department of Science and Education, Shenyang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenyang, China
  5. 5 Department of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring, Liaoning Eco-environmental Monitoring Center, Shenyang, China
  6. 6 Department of Children's Health Prevention, Shenyang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenyang, China
  7. 7 Office of Institution, Liaoning Women and Children’s Health Hospital, Shenyang, China
  8. 8 School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  9. 9 Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Shenyang, China
  1. Correspondence to Dr Yan-Hong Huang, Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Women’sand Children’s Hospital, Shenyang 110011, China; yanhonghuang_sy{at}sina.com; Dr Yu-Hong Zhao, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical ResearchCenter, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; zhaoyuhong{at}sj-hospital.org; Dr Qi-Jun Wu, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; wuqj{at}sj-hospital.org

Abstract

Background Current literature describes limited and controversial evidence on the associations between maternal preconception and first trimester exposure to particulate matter with a diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) and the risk of oral cleft (OC).

Methods We conducted a case–control study involving 3086 OC cases and 7950 controls, registered in the Maternal and Child Health Certificate Registry in Liaoning Province between 2010 and 2015. PM10 concentrations were obtained from the Environment Protection Bureau. The exposure windows included the 3 months before pregnancy, the first trimester and the individual months. Unconditional logistic regression model was performed to estimate the OR and 95% CI for the association between PM10 exposure and the risk of OC, cleft lip only (CLO), cleft palate only (CPO), and cleft lip and palate (CLP).

Results Maternal PM10 exposure was positively associated with an increased risk for OC during the 3 months preconception (per 10 µg/m3 increment: OR=1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07; highest vs lowest quartile: OR=1.23, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.45) and the first trimester (per 10 µg/m3 increment: OR=1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08; highest vs lowest quartile: OR=1.37, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.64). Analyses based on individual months presented similar positive associations, particularly in the second month of pregnancy (OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.09) for highest versus lowest quartile. In the subtype analysis, stronger associations were observed for CLO, whereas there was negligible evidence for CPO and CLP. Sensitivity analyses using propensity score matching generated similar findings.

Conclusions Our study provides evidence that PM10 exposure during the 3 months preconception and the first trimester increases the risk of OC.

  • air pollution
  • congenital anomalies

https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106434

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    Footnotes

    • F-HL and H-XD contributed equally.

    • Contributors F-HL: writing, original draft preparation. H-XD: writing, original draft preparation. T-TG: writing, reviewing and editing. J-YZ: writing, reviewing and editing. JL: data curation. Z-JC: visualisation. L-LL: software. Y-LC: investigation. SL: visualisation. C-ZJ: software. Y-HH: conceptualisation, methodology. Y-HZ: validation. Q-JW: supervision.

    • Funding This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFC0907401 to Y-HZ), the Liaoning Providence science and technology project (2015225025 to Y-HH), the Shenyang science and technology project (F15-139-9-09 to Y-HH), the LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (no. XLYC1907102 to Q-JW and No. XLYC1802095 to Y-HZ), and 345 Talent Project (to Q-JW).

    • Competing interests No competing interests.

    • Patient consent for publication Not required.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data availability statement Data are available upon reasonable request.