Association between total cadmium intake calculated from the cadmium concentration in household rice and mortality among inhabitants of the cadmium-polluted Jinzu River basin of Japan
Introduction
Previously, we conducted a follow-up survey on 2101 inhabitants (1566 men, 535 women) to determine the influence of environmental Cd exposure on the mortality of the general population in the Jinzu River basin (Ishihara et al., 2001). The rural communities were divided into two groups, one with a Cd concentration in rice of <0.30 ppm and the other ≥0.30 ppm. The influence of Cd concentration in rice on mortality was analyzed using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and a Cox's proportional hazard model. In both sexes SMRs tended to be greater in the ≥0.3 ppm group than in the <0.3 ppm group. The Cox hazard ratios for men and women in the >0.30 ppm group to those in the ≥0.30 ppm group, were 1.42 and 1.10, respectively (significant in the men). The high Cd concentration in rice in these rural communities is believed to be the factor underlying the increase in mortality.
Because total Cd intake is considered to be the most relevant external dose in investigations of a dose-response relationship, we investigated the influence of total Cd intake on mortality in the present study. Total Cd intake is calculated from the Cd dose ingested from rice and other foods produced in the polluted region and the Cd dose ingested during the period of residence in a non-polluted region.
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Study population and sampling of rice
In 1967 and 1968, the most systematic and large-scale health examinations were conducted among the entire population aged ≥30 years of the Jinzu River basin, non-Jinzu River basin, and a region receiving a mixed water supply. In 1967 the examination was conducted mainly in the heavily polluted region with 6667 participants (3181 men, 3486 women, participation rate 93.4%). We performed a follow-up study targeting the subjects participating in the 1967 health survey. Moreover, since we selected
Results
The number of subjects at the start and end of the observation period, number of deaths during this period, mean number of person-days observed, mean age, mean residence time in the polluted area, mean total Cd intake and mean Cd concentration in rice are shown in Table 1. Complete followed-up rates were approximately 99.5%. In both sexes the mean age, residence time in the polluted area, total Cd intake and Cd concentration in rice were significantly higher in the ≥2.0 g group compared to the
Discussion
In this study, we collected household rice samples which were produced and consumed by each family for two continuous years and calculated the total Cd intake in each individual, based on the detailed history of residence. In general it is not easy to estimate accurately the total Cd intake in each person. The characteristic point of this study is that we estimated the total Cd intake of each person based on the rice Cd concentration ingested and history of residence for each person. Therefore,
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