Lung dynamics and uptake of smoke constituents by nonsmokers—A survey

doi:10.1016/S0091-7435(84)80009-2

Preventive Medicine

Volume 13, Issue 6, November 1984, Pages 589-601

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(84)80009-2 Get rights and content

Models of smoke kinetics and lung dynamics of inhaled particles are discussed and compared with the available literature on mainstream and sidestream smoke particles. The literature search reveals a dearth of reliable information on the deposition of inhaled particulate tobacco smoke components in the human lung. Scanty results on mainstream smoke range from unexpectedly high deposits to values in line with predictions of conventional mathematical deposition models confirmed in tests with stable aerosols. For sidestream smoke, only one well-described experimental result is available. It is in agreement with established deposition probabilities. Experimental and theoretical estimates of relative particle deposition in the human lung range from some 10% for sidestream smoke particles to more than 80% for mainstream aerosol. This indicates a need for more, and better, experimental data.

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Regional deposition of inhaled aerosol constituents from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) in the respiratory tract
2018, Journal of Aerosol Science
Citation Excerpt :
These predictive models were created for traditional combustible cigarette particles out of necessity as models for environmental aerosols greatly under-estimated the internal dose of cigarette particles (Kane et al., 2009). These models included additional mechanisms such as electronic charge (Stober, 1984), droplet hygrocopicity (Davies, 1988; Longest & Xi, 2008), and colligative effects (Martonen, 1992; Phalen, Oldham, & Mannix, 1994). Charge effects did not increase aerosol deposition appreciably and hygroscopicity partially accounted for enhanced deposition (Robinson & Yu, 2001).
Characterization of internal dose and potential health impact of inhaling aerosol from an Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) requires understanding and estimation of the regional deposition and absorption of the aerosol constituents in the respiratory tract. The aerosol generated from ENDS is a highly unstable mixture of multi-constituent aerosols and their vapor constituents. The mixture undergoes rapid changes once inhaled into the respiratory tract. Measurement of the deposited dose is a formidable challenge and no reliable method is currently available. Hence, a model for the deposition of aerosol components and vapor constituent of an ENDS aerosol mixture was developed based on previously constructed models for particle deposition and vapor uptake in the respiratory tract. Constituent phase instability and rapid mass exchange within the aerosol mixture and with airway walls required the coupling of the aerosol and vapor phases for all constituents. The fate of the ENDS aerosol mixture was determined throughout the respiratory tract for a typical vaping scenario consisting of puff withdrawal, mouth hold, mixing of the puff with dilution air at the end of mouth hold, lung inhalation, lung hold, and exhalation. Model predictions indicated that over 90% of constituents with medium vapor pressure (e.g., nicotine and propylene glycol or PG) were delivered to the lung tissues by both aerosol deposition and vapor uptake, which occurred in all regions of respiratory tract. Low vapor pressure constituents (e.g., glycerin) mostly remained in the aerosols and were delivered to the lung by aerosol deposition alone. The dosimetry model is a useful tool to estimate the internal exposure to the constituents in the ENDS aerosol and can provide valuable insights for risk assessments.
Deposition of inhaled electronic cigarette aerosol in the human oral cavity
2018, Journal of Aerosol Science
Citation Excerpt :
The use of conventional droplet deposition inhalation models for environmental aerosols leads to a major under-prediction of deposition of cigarette and e-cigarette aerosols (Kane et al., 2009). In order to raise deposition predictions to the level of measurements as reported the literature for cigarette smoke aerosols (Baumberger, 1923; Dalhamn, Editors, & Rylander, 1968; Foster & Gaffney, 1958; Hinds, First, Huber, & Shea, 1983; McAughey, Prichard, Black, Hoare, & Knight, 1991; Mitchel, 1962; Polydorova, 1961), inclusion of additional mechanisms such as electronic charge (Stober, 1984), droplet hygrocopicity (Davies, 1988; Longest & Xi, 2008), and colligative effects (Martonen, 1992; Phalen, Oldham, & Mannix, 1994) were suggested. While the charge effect was found to be small and droplet hygroscopic growth partially contributed to the enhanced deposition of droplets in the mixture (Robinson & Yu, 2001), inclusion of colligative effects enabled deposition predictions to match experimentally observed measurements for cigarette smoke (Asgharian, Price, Yurteri, Dickens, & McAughey, 2013).
Increased use of electronic cigarette (EC) products has called for studying the health consequences from these new products. Government agencies such as the FDA are interested in toxicological, exposure data and other relevant information as a part of regulating the use of the products. A key step in risk assessment of EC products is to determine the inhaled dose of various constituents in the EC aerosol. Given the challenges in collecting human and animal data, mathematical models may guide and complement data collection. Models developed for combustible tobacco smoke may be improved and extended to EC aerosol to allow for higher volatility and hygroscopicity of the latter. Both these properties greatly affect the dynamics and deposition of inhaled aerosol. In this study, we developed a deposition model for EC aerosol based on realistic vaping scenarios. The model included several steps representing puff withdrawal into the oral cavity, mouth hold, dilution of the EC puff in the mouth with the subsequent dilution from inhaled air, inhalation of the puff into the lower respiratory tract, lung-hold, and exhalation. Results for deposition of individual constituents and droplet dynamics within the oral cavity of the respiratory tract will be presented in this publication. The model accounted for thermodynamic interactions between the droplet and vapor phases of each constituent in the aerosol mixture. Deposition from droplets and uptake of vapor constituents were calculated. The deposited mass fraction for each vapor constituent and droplets were also calculated based on the total mass of the inhaled constituents. The inhalation model developed in this study could help the academics, government agencies and tobacco manufacturers with development of risk models for EC use.
Cigarette smoke: Generation and properties of the aerosol
1988, Journal of Aerosol Science
Cigarette smoke contains some 3 × 10⁹ particles cm⁻³, as it leaves the butt end, which account for about 92% of its weight. Few particles deposit in the cigarette; the number of particles is rapidly decreasing and their size increasing, due to coagulation, with the result that aging of the smoke is rapid, the number of particles leaving the butt end being reduced to 40% in 1 s.
The effects of inhaling smoke are due to its containing 6.2% by weight of carbon monoxide (threshold limit value 0.005%) and to nicotine, which is contained in the particles. Nicotine is water soluble and is rapidly absorbed in the respiratory tract when the particles deposit.
An estimate of adult mortality in the United States from passive smoking
1988, Environment International
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the number of adult deaths per year in the United States from passive smoking. The epidemiological literature on passive smoking and adult mortality and cancer and heart morbidity is reviewed. Combined relative risks for lung cancer, cancers other than lung, and heart disease are calculated for each sex and disease category. These data along with estimates of nonsmoker death rates and populations exposed allow calculation of annual deaths in each category. Reduced relative risk and reduced exposure at older ages are taken into account as well as a correction for possible misclassification of smokers as nonsmokers and exposed nonsmokers as nonexposed. Altogether 46,000 deaths per year are calculated consisting of lung cancer (3000) other cancer (11,000) and heart disease (32,000). Reasons why such high estimates for other cancer and heart disease may be possible are explored. It is concluded that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can have adverse long term health effects that are more serious than previously thought.
Never smoker lung cancer risks from exposure to particulate tobacco smoke
1987, Environment International
The average particulate environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure of never and current smokers and the average lung cancer mortality rate for current smokers is estimated from empirical data. These estimates are used in a linear downward extrapolation of the lung cancer risk/mg of particulate ETS exposure for current smokers to calculate the average lung cancer risk for never smokers and the number of never smoker lung cancer deaths (LCD) in the U.S. in 1980 from exposure to particulate ETS. The estimated average daily inhaled particulate ETS exposure for never smokers is 0.62 mg/day for men and 0.28 mg/day for women. The average never smoker is estimated to retain 11% of the inhaled exposure, for a daily retained exposure of 0.07 mg for men and 0.03 mg for women. Other estimates are: a daily retained exposure for current smokers of 310 mg for men and 249 mg for women, a smoking-attributable lung cancer risk for current smokers in 1980 of 284 LCD/100,000 men and 121 LCD/100,000 women, and an annual retained-exposure lung cancer risk for never smokers of 0.64 LCD/100,000 men and 0.015 LCD/100,000 women. These risks and exposures estimate 12 lung cancer deaths among never smokers from exposure to particulate ETS: 8 among the 11.96 million male never smokers and 4 among the 28.85 million female never smokers in the U.S. in 1980. Conversely, between 655 and 3,610 never smoker lung cancer deaths are estimated from methods based on the average lung cancer risk observed in epidemiological studies of exposure to ETS. Three possible reasons for the discrepancy between the exposure and risk-based estimates are discussed: the excess risks observed in epidemiological studies are due to bias, the relationship between exposure and risk is supralinear, or sidestream tobacco smoke is substantially more carcinogenic than an equivalent exposure to mainstream smoke.
Condensational growth may contribute to the enhanced deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the upper respiratory tract
2008, Aerosol Science and Technology

View all citing articles on Scopus

¹: Presented at the Symposium “Medical Perspectives on Passive Smoking,” April 9–12, 1984, Vienna, Austria.

View full text

Lung dynamics and uptake of smoke constituents by nonsmokers—A survey1

J. Aerosol Sci.

J. Aerosol Sci.

J. Aerosol Sci.

Ann. Occup. Hyg.

J. Colloid Sci.

A model for deposition of stable and unstable aerosols in the human respiratory tract

Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.

Mechanism of smoke formation and delivery

Recent Adv. Tobacco Sci.

The deposition of asbestos particles in the human respiratory tract

Int. J. Environ. Stud.

Influence of particle size upon the retention of particulate matter in the human lung

Amer. J. Public Health

The influence of tobacco smoke on indoor atmospheres. II. Volatile and tobacco specific nitrosamines in main and side stream smoke and their contribution to indoor pollution

Prepared discussion

Über das Absetzen kleiner, in der Luft suspendierter Teilchen in der menschlichen Lunge bei der Atmung

Pflueger's Arch.

Deposition efficiency of monodisperse particles in human respiratory tract

Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.

Studies of particle deposition and clearnace in humans

Deposition of sidestream cigarette smoke in the human respiratory tract

Amer. Rev. Respir. Dis.

The effect of moisture on the growth of cigarette smoke particles

Beitr. Tabakforsch.

Verteilung verschiedener Tabakrauchbestandteile auf Haupt- und Nebenstromrauch (Eine Übersicht)

Beitr. Tabakforsch. Internat.

On the removal of air-borne droplets by the human respiratory tract. I. The lung

Bull. Math. Biophys.