Determination of serum creatinine by a direct colorimetric method
Abstract
The Jaffe reaction has been modified by the addition of sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) and borate to the reaction mixture. A method has been elaborated permitting serum creatinine determination without prior deproteinisation.
On direct serum creatinine determination using this reagent, values are obtained that correlate well to those obtained with a method involving isolation of creatinine with a chromatographic procedure.
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Cited by (635)
Alternative additives such as phytobiotics have been a research priority to promote chemotherapeutic-free and disease-resistant aquaculture. Hence, various Silybum marianum (SM) extract levels, including 1, 2, 3, and 4 g kg−1, were supplemented with a reference diet, and the reference diet containing no SM was considered a control. Each test diet was fed in triplicate to experimental fish for 60 days. The effects were observed on growth, liver, lymphoid organs (kidney and spleen), and intestinal health in relation to a panel of blood biochemical responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Better growth performance in Nile tilapia fed any supplementation levels of SM resulted from improved feed utilization and feed conversion ratio. Microscopic observations found normal kidney, liver, and spleen microstructure across all treatments. Of interest, the antioxidative capacity of the liver was stimulated by SM supplementation, supported by higher expression of CAT, SOD, and GPx genes coupled with higher levels of hepatic GST and T-AOC and lower levels of hepatic MDA concentrations. This was further aligned with lower levels of serum ALP, AST, and ALT relevant to liver function. Meanwhile, splenic immune relevant gene expression (IFN-γ1, LYZ, and hepcidin) increased significantly in all SM-treated fish compared to the control group. Also, hematological responses, including red blood cell indices (RBCs, Hb, HTC, PCV, MCV, MCH, and MCHC) and white blood cell indices (WBCs, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and heterophils), except monocytes, were improved by SM supplementation. Intestinal microstructures were normal, and their barrier functions were unchanged by dietary supplementation. Hence, SM extract could be used as a promising avenue for enhancing the functionality of aquadiet, leading to improving overall health performance. However, the mode of action of the bioactive ingredients present in SM extract is warranted to be further studied to consider SM as a functional additive for aquafeeds.
Effect of lactoferrin supplement on cadmium chloride induced toxicity to male rats: Toxicopathological, ultrastructural and immunological studies
2023, International ImmunopharmacologyThis study sought to determine whether lactoferrin supplementation could counteract the harm that cadmium (Cd) induced to the rats. The effect of Cd and lactoferrin were investigated in hematological, biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical expression and ultrastructural studies. After 30 days of treatment, rats exposed to Cd had significantly higher levels of Cd in their blood, more oxidized lipids, and less antioxidant capacity overall. Supplemental lactoferrin also significantly undoes that effect. Hematological and biochemical parameters changed along with the increase in blood Cd levels. The histological integrity of the liver, kidney, spleen, and (axillary, cervical, mesenteric and popliteal) lymph nodes that had been damaged by Cd exposure was also restored by lactoferrin supplementation. Moreover, the liver and spleen ultrastructure showed the same improvement. In addition, the spleen of Lf/Cd group showed less immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in comparison to the Cd group. In conclusion, the current study showed that supplementing with lactoferrin improved immune response and restored biochemical and oxidative stability induced by Cd.
Cytoprotective effects of cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon against cyclophosphamide‐induced cardio-renal toxicity in rats: Insights into oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis
2023, International ImmunopharmacologyCyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of various types of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, cyclophosphamide usage is limited in clinical situations due to its cardio-renal toxicity. The current study investigates the protective effects of cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon against cyclophosphamide-induced cardio-renal toxicity. 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assorted in a random manner into 4 groups; control, cyclophosphamide, cyclophosphamide+cinnamaldehyde (90 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide+adipoRon (25 mg/kg), rats treated with cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon for 10 days and on the 7th day of the experiment, rats were given a single I.P. injection of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg). Thereafter, specimens of heart and kidney tissues were used for biochemical, immunohistochemical and histopathological analysis. Cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon attenuated the cardio-renal intoxication induced by cyclophosphamide which was manifested by a marked decrease in cardiac-renal injury markers (CK-MB, LDH, cTnI, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) accompanied with normalization of histopathological changes. Moreover, cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon reversed cardio-renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis as they have significantly decreased 8-OHdG levels, MDA contents, NF-κB, TNF-α and caspase-3 expression. On the other hand, cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon have upregulated antioxidant biomarkers; GSH concentration, Nrf2 expression as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine; IL-10 and the antiapoptotic; BCL2. In conclusion, these cytoprotective effects of cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon suggesting the possibility of using them in combination with cyclophosphamide treatment protocols to minimize their unwanted side effects.
Toxicity assessment of poultry-waste biosynthesized nanosilver in Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) for responsible and sustainable aquaculture development-A multi-biomarker approach
2023, Environmental ResearchThe current study investigates the potential utilization of poultry intestines for the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their impact on fish physiology. The AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. The toxicity of AgNPs on Anabas testudineus was evaluated, determining a 96-h LC50 value of 25.46 mg l−1. Subsequently, fish were exposed to concentrations corresponding to 1/10th, 1/25th, 1/50th, and 1/100th of the estimated LC50 for a duration of 60 days in a sub-acute study. A comprehensive range of biomarkers, including haematological, serum, oxidative stress, and metabolizing markers, were analyzed to assess the physiological responses of the fish. Additionally, histopathological examinations were conducted, and the accumulation of silver in biomarker organs was measured. The results indicate that silver tends to bioaccumulate in all biomarker organs in a dose- and time-dependent manner, except for the muscle tissue, where accumulation initially increased and subsequently decreased, demonstrating the fish's inherent ability for natural attenuation. Analysis of physiological data and integrated biomarker responses reveal that concentrations of 1/10th, 1/25th, and 1/50th of the LC50 can induce stress in the fish, while exposure to 1/100th of the LC50 shows minimal to no stress response. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the toxicity and physiological responses of fish exposed to poultry waste biosynthesized AgNPs, offering potential applications in aquaculture while harnessing their unique features.
The antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory effect of naturally synthesized chitosan and silver nanoparticles against Pseudomonas fluorescence infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): An in vivo study
2023, Fish and Shellfish ImmunologyA sixty-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) on the growth and immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), compared with the control group. CNPs and AgNPs were green synthesized and added to a control diet (30% crude protein) at levels of 2.0 g CNPs/kg diet and 1.0 mg AgNPs/kg diet. One hundred and eighty fish (101 ± 3.98 g) were randomly distributed into nine fiberglass tanks (200 cm × 200 cm x 100 cm, twenty fish each) to represent three equal groups (60 fish per group). After one and two months of the feeding trial, parameters of water quality, growth indices, hematology, and liver and kidney biomarkers were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, 10 fish from each group were challenged experimentally via the intraperitoneal injection with Pseudomonas fluorescence and fish mortality was observed for further ten days. Then, specimens from the liver, kidney, spleen, and anterior intestine were examined to assess the histopathological alterations. Incorporating a 2.0 g CNPs/kg diet was a promising growth enhancer; however, a 1.0 mg AgNPs/kg diet had no effects on tilapia performance. Furthermore, AgNPs appeared to reduce water pollution, leading to water filtration via decreasing both total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC). A significant role of AgNPs in improving tilapia's erythrogram (RBCs number and Hb concentration) was evident. Compared with the control group, both groups of CNPs and AgNPs improved non-specific immune parameters and showed defense effects against P. fluorescence. The fish mortality after P. fluorescence infection in CNPs and AgNPs-fed fish groups revealed significant decreases (P < 0.05) of 10% and 25%; respectively, while the control group exhibited a mortality rate of 40%. The current investigation evoked that using dietary CNPs (2.0 g/kg feed) as an antibacterial agent against P. fluorescence infection in Nile tilapia culture was better than dietary AgNPs (1.0 mg/kg diet) which, induced cells inflammation causing tissues necrosis.
In aquaculture, phytobiotics can be used as feed supplements with attractive growth-promoting, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and several health benefits for a variety of finfish species. Herein, we evaluated of the impacts of milk thistle extract (MTE; Silybum marianum) on the overall performances of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juveniles. Fish (7.10 ± 0.00 g) were fed on diets containing graded MTE levels as 0.0 (control), 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%. Fish were assigned into 4 triplicate groups and were hand-fed on the prepared corresponding diets thrice daily for 60 days with 3% of their wet body weight. Significant increases in the feed intake, final weight, weight gain, weight gain%, and specific growth rate were noticed in MTE-supplemented groups with regard to the control group. However, survival rate %, feed conversion ratio, body composition analysis, and amino acid content (% of protein) were statistically non-significant among all experimental groups. Liver function enzymes, intestinal histomorphometry (intestinal villus height, width, and crypt depth), and digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase) were increased in MTE groups compared to controls. Moreover, dose-dependent significant increases in serum lysozyme activities and total immunoglobulin content were remarked in all MTE groups in comparison with the controls. Liver CAT and SOD enzymes were significantly elevated, and malondialdehyde levels were significantly declined in liver homogenates of MTE groups compared with the controls. However, the levels of serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid were not significantly changed by dietary MTE. Of interest, the histological sections of the hepatopancreatic and intestinal tissues showed normal histoarchitecture of the hepatic cords and pancreatic acini as well as normal intestinal villi, crypts, and enterocytes with no lesions recorded among all the experimental groups. Collectively, the findings mentioned above suggest that MTE could improve the growth, enhance digestive enzymes and intestinal morphometry, and boost the immunity and hepatic antioxidant capacity of P. hypophthalmus. Thus, we suggest the possible application of MTE extract in aquafeed as a growth promotor, immunostimulant, and antioxidant.
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Present address: Department of Physiological Chemistry II, Chemical Center, Box 740, Lund 7, Sweden.