Skip to main content
Log in

The exposure of the general population to benzene

  • Published:
Cell Biology and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • BOND, A.E. (1986). Self-service station vehicle refueling exposure study. In: Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants, pp. 458–466. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD (1986). Proposed benzene control plan. Staff Report, CARB, Sacramento, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • GAMMAGE, R.B., WHITE, D.A. and GUPTA, K.C. (1984). Residential measurements of high volatility organics and their sources. In: Berglund B., Lindvall T. and Sundell J. (eds.): Indoor Air: Chemical characterization and personal exposure. Volume 4. Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • HANDY, R.W., SMITH, D.J., CASTILLO, N.P., SPARACINO, C.M., THOMAS, K., WHITAKER, D., KEEVER, J., BLAU, P.A., SHELDON, L.S., BRANDY, K.A., PORCH, R.L., BURSEY, J.T. and PELLIZZARI, E.D. (1987). Standard operating procedures employed in support of an exposure assessment study. U.S. EPA. Washington, DC, 1987. EPA 600/ 6-87-002d. Available from Springfield, VA; NTIS, PB88-100098.

  • HIGGINS, C., GRIEST, W.H. and OLERICH, G. (1983). Applications of Tenax trapping to analysis of gas phase organic compounds in ultra-low tar cigarette smoke. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chem.66:1074–1083.

    Google Scholar 

  • INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. (1982). Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. IARC monograph no. 29. IARC, Lyon, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • KRAUSE, C., MAILAHN, W., NAGEL, R., SCHULTZ, C., SEIFERT B. and ULLRICH, D. (1987). Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in the air of 500 homes in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Indoor Air'87: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, August 17–21, 1987, pp. 102–106. Institute for Water, Soil, and Air Hygiene, West Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • LEBRET, E., VAN DE WEIL, H.J., NOIJ, D. and BOLEIJ, J.S.M. (1986). Volatile hydrocarbons in Dutch homes. Environ. Int.12 (1–4):323–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCLENNY, W.A., LUMPKIN, T.A., PLEIL, J.D., OLIVER, K.D., BUBACZ, D.K., FAIRCLOTH, J.W. and DANIELS, W.H. (1986). Canister-based VOC samplers. In: Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants, pp. 402–407. Air Pollution Control Association. Pittsburgh, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS. (1979). Changes in cigarette smoking and current smoking practices among adults: United States, 1978. Advance data no. 52. NCHS, Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Hyattsville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HHEALTH. Criteria for a recommended standard for occupational exposure to benzene. NIOSH, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, DC. NIOSH, pp. 74–137.

  • OZKAYNAK, H., RYAN, P.B., WALLACE, L.A., NELSON, W.C., BEHAR, J.V. (1987). Sources and emission rates of organic chemical vapors in homes and buildings. In: Indoor Air '87: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, August 17–21, 1987. Institute for Water, Soil, and Air Hygiene, West Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • PELLIZZARI, E.D., PERRITT, R., HARTWELL, T.D., MICHAEL, L.C., SHELDON, L.S., SPARACINO, C.M., WHITMORE, R., LEININGER, C., ZELON, H., HANDY, R.W., SMITH, D. and WALLACE, L.A. (1987a). Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study: Elizabeth and Bayonne, New Jersey; Devils Lake, North Dakota, and Greensboro, North Carolina. Volume II. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. EPA 600/6-87/002b. Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-10007.

    Google Scholar 

  • PELLIZZARI, E.D., PERRITT, R., HARTWELL, T.D., MICHAEL, L.C., WHITMORE, R., HANDY, R.W., SMITH, D., ZELON, H. and WALLACE, L.A. (1987b). Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study: Selected Comunities in Northern and Southern California. Vol. III. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. EPA 600/6-87/002c. Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB88-100086.

    Google Scholar 

  • REPACE, J. and LOWREY, A. (1985). A quantitative estimate of non-smokers' lung cancer risk from passive smoking. Env. Int.11:3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • ROGOT, E. and MURRAY, J.L. (1980). Smoking and causes of death among U.S. veterans: 16 years of observation. Public Health Reports95:213–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • SANDLER, D.P., EVERSON, R.B., WILCOX, A.J. and BROWDER, J.P. (1985). Cancer risk in adulthood from early life exposure to parents' smoking. Am. J. Public Health75:467.

    Google Scholar 

  • SEIFERT, B. and ABRAHAM, H.J. (1982). Indoor air concentrations of benzene and some other aromatic hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety6:190–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • SEILA, R.L. (1987). 6–9 AM ambient air benzene concentrations in 39 U.S. cities, 1984–86. In: Proceedings of the 1987 EPA/ APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants, pp. 265–270. Air Pollution Control Assoc. Pittsburgh. APCA VIP-8. EPA 600/9-87-010.

    Google Scholar 

  • SHAH, J.J. and HEYERDAHL, E. (1988). National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Data Base Update. Project Report. Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • SHELDON, L.S., ZELON, H., HARTWELL, T.D., PERRITT, R., MICHAEL, L. and PELLIZZARI, E.D. (1988). Indoor Air Quality in Public Buildings. Vols. I & 11. U.S. EPA. EPA 600/6-88/009a,b.

  • STJERNFELDT, M., BERGLUND, K., LINDSTEN, J. and LUDVIGSSON, J. (1986). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood cancer. Lancet (June 14, 1986): 1350–1352.

  • TANCREDE, M., WILSON, R., ZEISE, L. and CROUCH, E.A.C. (1987). The carcinogenic risk of some organic vapors indoors: A theoretical survey. Atmos. Environ.21:2187–2205.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA. (1986). Evaluation of the potential carcinogenicity of bezene, review draft. Carcinogen Assessment Group, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. OHEA-C-073-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A., ZWEIDINGER, R., ERICKSON, M., COOPER, S., WHITAKER, D. and PELLIZZARI, E.D. (1982). Monitoring individual exposure: Measurement of volatile organic compounds in breathing-zone air, drinking water, and exhaled breath. Environ. Int.8:269–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A., PELLIZZARI, E.D., HARTWELL, T., ROSENZEIG, M., ERICKSON, M., SPARACINO, C. and ZELON, H. (1984). Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds: I. Direct measurement in breathing-zone air, drinking water, food, and exhaled breath. Environ. Res.35:293–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A., PELLIZZARI, E.D., HARTWELL, T., SPARACINO, C., SHELDON, L. and ZELON, H. (1984). Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships and breath levels of toxic air pollutants measured for 355 persons in New Jersey. Atmos. Env.19:1651–1661.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A., PELLIZZARI, E.D., HARTWELL, T.D., SPARACINO, C., WHITMORE, R., SHELDON, L., ZELON, H. and PERRITT, R. (1987). The TEAM study: Personal exposures to toxic substances in air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota. Environ. Res.43:290–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A. (1986). Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor concentrations, and exhaled breath concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds measured for 550 residents of New Jersey, North Dakota, North Carolina, and California. Toxicol. and Environ. Chem.12:215–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A. and PELLIZZARI, E.D. (1986). Personal air exposures and breath concentrations of benzene and othe volatile hydrocarbons for smokers and nonsmokers. Toxicol. Let.35:113–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A., PELLIZZARI, E., HARTWELL, T., PERRITT, R. and ZIEGENFUS, R. (1987). Exposures to benzene and other volatile organic compounds from active and passive smoking. Arch. of Environ. Health42:272–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A., PELLIZZARI, E., LEADERER, B., HARTWELL, T., PERRITT, R., ZELON, H. and SHELDON, L. (1985). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from building materials and consumer products. Atmos. Env.21:385–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A. (1987a). The TEAM study: Summary and Analysis: Volume I, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, 1987. EPA 600/6-87/002a. Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB88-100060.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, L.A. (in press). Major sources of benzene exposure. Env. Health Perspectives.

  • WESTER, R.C., MAIBACH, H.I., GRUENKE, L.D. and CRAIG, J.C. (1986). Benzene levels in ambient air and breath of smokers and nonsmokers in urban and pristine environments. J. Tox. Environ. Health18:567–573.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wallace, L.A. The exposure of the general population to benzene. Cell Biol Toxicol 5, 297–314 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01795358

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01795358

Key words

Navigation