Abstract
A biological monitoring study was carried out in the Dutch flower-bulb culture to determine the relationship between respiratory occupational exposure to Z- and E-1,3-dichloropropene (Z- and E-DCP) and urinary excretion of two mercapturic acid metabolites, N-acetyl-S-(Z- and E-3-chloropropenyl-2)-L-cysteine (Z- and E-DCP-MA). Urinary excretion of Z- and E-DCP-MA, either based on excretion rates or on creatinine excretion, followed first order elimination kinetics after exposure. Urinary half-lives of elimination were 5.0 ± 1.2 hr for Z-DCP-MA and 4.7 ± 1.3 hr for E-DCP-MA and were not statistically significantly different. Calculated coefficients of variation indicated that the half-lives of elimination of Z- and E-DCP-MA were quite consistent inter- and intra-individually.
Strong correlations (r ⩾ 0.93) were observed between respiratory 8-hr time weighted average (TWA) exposure to Z-and E-DCP and complete cumulative urinary excretion of Z- and E-DCP-MA. Z-DCP yielded three times more mercapturic acid than E-DCP, probably due to differences in metabolism. Z- and E-DCP were excreted 45 and 14% as their respective mercapturic acid metabolites.
A respiratory 8-hr TWA exposure to the Dutch occupational exposure limit of 5 mg · m−3 DCP would result in a complete cumulative excretion of 14.4 mg (95% confidence interval: 11.7–17.0 mg) Z-DCP-MA and 3.2 mg (95% confidence interval: 2.3–4.1 mg) E-DCP-MA.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AI, De Nationale MAC-lijst (1986) Arbeidsinspectie P. blad nr. 145, Voorburg
Albrecht WN (1987) Occupational exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone®) in Hawaiian pineapple culture. Arch Environ Health 5:286–291
Alessio L, Berlin A, DellÓrto A, Toffoletto F, Ghezzi I (1985) Reliability of urinary creatinine as a parameter used to adjust values of urinary biological indicators. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 55:99–106
Brouwer DH, Brouwer EJ, Vreede de JAF, Welie van RTH, Vermeulen NPE, Hemmen van JJ (1991) Inhalation exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene in the Dutch flower-bulb culture. Part I. Environmental monitoring. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 20:1–5
Climie I, Hutson D, Morrison B, Stoydin G (1979) Glutathione conjugation in the detoxification of (Z)-1,3-dichloropropene (a component of the nematocide D-D) in the rat. Xenobiotica 9:149–156
Dutcher JS, Medinsky MA, Bond JA, Cheng YS, Snipes MB, Henderson RF, Birnbaum LS (1985) Effect of vapor concentration on the disposition of inhaled 2,3-dichloropropene in Fischer-344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5:997–1005
Hutson DH, Moss JA, Pickering BA (1971) The excretion and retention of components of the soil fumigant D-D and their metabolites in the rat. Food Cosmet Toxicol 9:677–680
MAK-Werten (1985) 1,3-Dichloropropen (cis- undtrans-). Gesundheitsschädliche arbeitsstoffe. Toxicologische-arbeidsmedizinische begründung von MAK-Werten. Verlag Chemie
Meuling WJA, Bragt PC, Braun CLJ (1990) Biological monitoring of carbon disulfide. Am J Ind Med 17:247–254
Neudecker T, Lutz D, Eder E, Henschler D (1980) Structure-activity relationship in halogen and alkyl substituted allyl and allylic compounds: correlation of alkylating and mutagenic properties. Biochem Pharmacol 29:2611–2617
Olthof PDA and de Wilde O (1989) Bepaling vancis(Z)- entrans(E)-1,3-dichloorpropeen in koolbuizen (in Dutch). Rapport A 89.050/280590, CIVO-TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
Onkenhout W, Mulder PPJ, Boogaard PJ, Buys W, Vermeulen NPE (1986) Identification and quantitative determination of mercapturic acids formed form Z- and E-1,3-dichloropropene by the rat, using gas chromatography with three different detection techniques. Arch Toxicol 59:235–241
Osterloh JD, Cohen B-S, Popendorf W, Pond SM (1984) Urinary excretion of the N-acetylcysteine conjugate of cis-1,3-dichloropropene by exposed individuals. Arch Environ Health 39:271–275
Stommel P, Müller G, Stücker W, Verkoyen C, Schöbel S, Norpoth K (1989) Determination of S-phenylmercapturic acid in the urine—an improvement in the biological monitoring of benzene exposure. Carcinogenesis 10:279–282
Stott WT and Kastl PE (1986) Inhalation pharmacokinetics of technical grade 1,3-dichloropropene in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 85:332–341
Tietz NW (1986) Textbook of clinical chemistry. WB Saunders, p 1279
Torkelson TR and Oyen F (1977) The toxicity of 1,3-dichloropropene as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory animals. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 38:217–224
Van Bladeren PJ, Buys W, Breimer DD, Gen van der A (1980) The synthesis of mercapturic acids and their esters. Eur J Med Chem 15:495–497
van Doorn R, Born PJA, Leijdekkers C-M, Henderson PT, Reuvers J, Bergen van TJ (1980) Detection and identification of S-methylcysteine in urine of workers exposed to methylchloride. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 46:99–109
van Welie RTH, van Duyn P, Vermeulen NPE (1989) Determination of two mercapturic acid metabolites of 1,3-dichloropropene in human urine with gas chromatography and sulfur-selective detection. J Chromatogr Biomed Appl 496:463–471
Vermeulen NPE (1989) Analysis of mercapturic acids as a tool in biotransformation, biomonitoring and toxicological studies. TIPS 10:177–181
Vogel AI (1966) A textbook of practical organic chemistry including qualitative analysis. Longmans, London, 3rd ed
Watson WP, Brooks TM, Huckle KR, Hutson DH, Lang KL, Smith RJ, Wright AS (1987) Microbial mutagenicity studies with (Z)-1,3-dichloropropene. Chem-Biol Interactions 61:17–30
Yang SH (1986) 1,3-dichloropropene. Residue Reviews 97:19–35
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
van Welie, R.T.H., van Duyn, P., Brouwer, D.H. et al. Inhalation exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene in the Dutch flower-bulb culture. Part II. Biological monitoring by measurement of urinary excretion of two mercapturic acid metabolites. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20, 6–12 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065321
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065321