Table 2

Occupational carcinogens evaluated in the IARC Monographs volumes 1–120 and comparison with two previous published listings

Agent	Volume†	Year†	Primary exposure routes‡			Human cancers with sufficient evidence§	Quantitative exposure- response data available	Included in Siemiatycki et al9	Included in Doll and Peto3	Occupational exposure settings¶	Class
Agent	Volume†	Year†	Ingestion	Inhalation	Dermal contact	Human cancers with sufficient evidence§	Quantitative exposure- response data available	Included in Siemiatycki et al9	Included in Doll and Peto3	Occupational exposure settings¶	Class
1,2-Dichloropropane	110	2017		x		Biliary tract				Manufacture of plastic products, paints and other chemicals; printing; car painting	Chemicals
1,3-Butadiene	97	2008		x		Haematolymphatic organs	x			Manufacture of industrial chemicals, rubber products and plastic products; petroleum refining and petrochemical industries; building construction	Chemicals
2-Naphthylamine	4	1973		x	x	Urinary bladder		x	x	Manufacture of industrial chemicals and dyes	Chemicals
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin	69	1997	x	x	x	All cancers combined	x	x		Manufacture of chemicals; herbicide handling and spraying; waste incineration	Chemicals
4-Aminobiphenyl	1	1972		x	x	Urinary bladder		x	x	Manufacture of chemicals and rubber	Chemicals
Acid mists, strong inorganic	54	1992	x	x	x	Larynx		x		Manufacture of soaps and detergents, phosphate fertilisers, lead batteries and other chemicals; electroplating and pickling	Airborne particles
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds†	2	1973	x	x		Lung, skin, bladder	x	x	x	Manufacture of glass, pesticides and other chemicals; agricultural settings; mining, smelting and refining of metals; medical and veterinary procedures	Metals and metal compounds
Asbestos (all forms, including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite)	2	1973		x		Lung, mesothelioma, larynx, ovary	x	x	x	Mining, processing, transportation and handling of asbestos; work in shipyards; manufacture and use of asbestos-containing products	Airborne particles
Benzene	7	1974		x	x	Leukaemia (acute myeloid)	x	x	x	Manufacture and use of paints, rubber products, glues and other chemicals; distribution and handling of petrol; shoe manufacturing and repair	Chemicals
Benzidine	1	1972		x	x	Bladder		x	x	Manufacture of chemicals, dyes, rubbers and plastics	Chemicals
Beryllium and beryllium compounds	58	1993		x	x	Lung	x	x		Beryllium extraction, processing and fabrication; manufacture of electrical equipment, electronic components, aerospace materials; dental laboratory procedures	Metals and metal compounds
Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether (technical grade)	4	1974		x		Lung		x	Yes	Manufacture of chemicals; laboratory procedures	Chemicals
Cadmium and cadmium compounds	58	1993		x		Lung	x	x		Production, refining, and processing of cadmium and its alloys; manufacture of batteries and pigments	Metals and metal compounds
Chromium (VI) compounds	Sup 7	1987		x		Lung	x	x	Yes	Production and use of chromate pigments and paints; chrome plating; work in chrome-alloy foundries	Metals and metal compounds
Coal-tar pitch	35	1985		x	x	Lung, skin		x		Production of coal-tar products; roofing and surface coating activities	Chemical mixtures
Engine exhaust, diesel	105	2013		x		Lung	x			Rail, truck, and bus operation and mechanical maintenance; mining; firefighting	Airborne complex mixtures
Formaldehyde	88	2006		x	x	Nasopharynx, leukaemia	x			Manufacture of formaldehyde and other chemicals; histopathology and anatomy dissections; hospital disinfection; embalming	Chemicals
Ionising radiation (all types)**	100D	2012				None specified	x	x	x	Outdoor work involving sun exposure; nuclear fuel production and use; air travel; mining; human and veterinary medicine	Radiation and radionuclides
Leather dust	25	1981		x		Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus				Manufacture, processing and repair of leather, boots and shoes	Airborne particles
Lindane (see also hexachlorocyclohexanes)	113	2015*		x	x	Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	x			Manufacture of lindane; treatment of wood and wooden structures; agricultural application on livestock and crops	Chemicals
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated	3	1973		x	x	Skin		x		Paraffin processing; manufacture of metal products; metal working	Chemical mixtures
Nickel compounds	49	1990	x	x	x	Lung, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses	x	x	x	Mining, smelting and refining of nickel; production of nickel alloys, stainless steel and batteries; electroplating; paint production and use	Metals and metal compounds
ortho-Toluidine	99	2010		x	x	Urinary bladder				Manufacture of ortho-toluidine and dyes, pigments, and some rubber chemicals; clinical and pathological laboratories	Chemicals
Outdoor air pollution**	109	2016		x		Lung	x			Where majority of working time is spent in polluted outdoor environments (eg, urban traffic police, professional drivers, street vendors)	Airborne particles
Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution	109	2016		x		Lung	x				Airborne particles
Pentachlorophenol	117	2016*		x	x	Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	x			Manufacture of PCP and other chemicals; agricultural settings; treatment of wood products; waste incineration	Chemicals
Plutonium	78	2001				Bone, liver, lung	x			Nuclear industry workers	Radiation and radionuclides
Polychlorinated biphenyls	107	2016		x	x	Malignant melanoma	x			Manufacture of PCB capacitors; manufacture and repair of transformers; waste incineration and recycling; firefighting	Chemical mixtures
Radioiodines, including iodine-131††	78	2001				Thyroid	x			Workers involved in nuclear accident clean-up	Radiation and radionuclides
Radionuclides, alpha-particle emitting, internally deposited**	78	2001				None specified	x			Mining and processing of uranium and other minerals; nuclear industry workers; human and veterinary medicine	Radiation and radionuclides
Radionuclides, beta-particle emitting, internally deposited**	78	2001				None specified	x				Radiation and radionuclides
Radium-224 and its decay products§	78	2001				Bone				Luminising industries	Radiation and radionuclides
Radium-226 and its decay products	78	2001				Bone, mastoid process, paranasal sinus					Radiation and radionuclides
Radium-228 and its decay products	78	2001				Bone, mastoid process, paranasal sinus					Radiation and radionuclides
Radon-222 and its decay products	43	1988				Lung	x			Mining and other underground work; mineral processing	Radiation and radionuclides
Shale oils	35	1985			x	Skin		x		Mining and production of shale oils and products; manufacturing of cotton textiles	Chemical mixtures
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite	68	1997		x		Lung	x	x		Mining and quarrying operations; foundries; ceramics, cement and glass industries; construction activities	Airborne particles
Solar radiation**	55	1992				Skin (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma)	x			Outdoor work with sun exposure	Radiation and radionuclides
Soot	3	1973		x	x	Lung, skin		x	x	Industries and tasks with exposure to combustion products (eg, coke-making, chimney cleaning, incineration)	Airborne particles
Sulfur mustard (see also mustard gas)	9	1975		x		Lung		x	x	Manufacture of mustard gas; military service in WWI	Chemicals
Tobacco smoke, secondhand**	83	2004		x		Lung				Work in public settings where smoking occurs (eg, restaurants, bars, casinos, planes)	Airborne complex mixtures
Trichloroethylene	106	2014		x	x	Kidney				Manufacture of metals and plastic products; printing; textile furnishing; dry cleaning; construction	Chemicals
Ultraviolet radiation**	118	2017*				Eye, skin	x		x	Various work environments where welding is performed	Radiation and radionuclides
Vinyl chloride	7	1974		x		Liver (angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma)	x	x	x	Manufacture of polyvinyl chloride	Chemicals
Welding fumes	118	2017*		x		Lung	x			Various work environments where welding is performed	Airborne particles
Wood dust	62	1995		x		Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus, nasopharynx	x	x		Forestry and logging; sawmilling; manufacture of wood products; carpentry; construction	Airborne particles
X-radiation and gamma-radiation**	75	2000				Multiple, including: breast; leukaemia; thyroid; bone; brain and central nervous system; colon; kidney; lung; oesophagus; salivary gland; skin; stomach; bladder	x			Nuclear industry workers; human and veterinary medicine; workers involved in nuclear accident clean-up	Radiation and radionuclides

*Monographs still in press.
†Volume and year of publication correspond to the first instance of a Group 1 classification for the agent.
‡Routes not listed for radiations and radionuclides
§The cancer sites listed reflect the most recent IARC evaluation of the agent.
¶Examples of potentially exposed industries, work locations and/or occupations described in the relevant monograph; do not represent exhaustive summaries of past and present exposure scenarios.
**Occupational and non-occupational data contributed to first Group 1 evaluation.
††Occupational data contributed to subsequent Group 1 evaluation.
IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; PCP, pentachlorophenol; WWI, First World War.