Max blood lead<20 µg/m3 | Max blood lead 20–39 µg/m3 | Max blood lead>40 µg/m3 | |||||||
Cause | Observed | SMR | 95% CI | Observed | SMR | 95% CI | Observed | SMR | 95% CI |
Bladder cancer | 27 | 0.84 | 0.52 to 1.14 | 30 | 0.83 | 0.53 to 1.13 | 55 | 1.54† | 1.13 to 1.88 |
Brain cancer | 39 | 0.78 | 0.54 to 1.03 | 40 | 0.84 | 0.58 to 1.10 | 33 | 0.93 | 0.61 to 1.20 |
Breast cancer | 18 | 0.57 | 0.31 to 0.83 | 21 | 1.04 | 0.60 to 1.49 | 16 | 1.11 | 0.56 to 1.57 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 300 | 0.82 | 0.73 to 0.91 | 314 | 0.99 | 0.88 to 1.10 | 263 | 0.99 | 0.87 to 1.09 |
COPD | 128 | 0.78 | 0.65 to 0.92 | 182 | 0.96 | 0.82 to 1.10 | 242 | 1.33† | 1.16 to 1.47 |
Oesophageal cancer | 36 | 0.88 | 0.59 to 1.17 | 48 | 0.93 | 0.67 to 1.19 | 55 | 1.07 | 0.79 to 1.32 |
Ischaemic heart disease | 1109 | 0.81 | 0.76 to 0.86 | 1075 | 0.85 | 0.80 to 0.90 | 1059 | 1.02 | 0.96 to 1.07 |
Kidney cancer | 47 | 0.65 | 0.46 to 0.83 | 31 | 0.54 | 0.35 to 0.72 | 28 | 0.73 | 0.46 to 0.97 |
Kidney disease | 17 | 0.84 | 0.44 to 1.24 | 17 | 0.58 | 0.30 to 0.85 | 31 | 1.19 | 0.77 to 1.55 |
Larynx cancer | 8 | 0.71 | 0.22 to 1.21 | 10 | 0.75 | 0.29 to 1.22 | 21 | 1.80† | 1.03 to 2.46 |
Leukaemia | 49 | 1.14 | 0.82 to 1.45 | 41 | 0.91 | 0.63 to 1.18 | 25 | 0.69 | 0.42 to 0.92 |
Lung cancer | 350 | 0.90 | 0.81 to 1.00 | 490 | 1.06 to 1.26 | 506 | 1.38† | 1.26 to 1.48 | |
Multiple myeloma | 21 | 0.80 | 0.46 to 1.14 | 22 | 0.88 | 0.51 to 1.25 | 12 | 0.60 | 0.26 to 0.89 |
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma | 52 | 0.95 | 0.69 to 1.20 | 32 | 0.60 | 0.39 to 0.81 | 36 | 0.87 | 0.59 to 1.12 |
Pharynx cancer | 6 | 0.47 | 0.09 to 0.85 | 8 | 0.56 | 0.17 to 0.96 | 13 | 1.13 | 0.52 to 1.66 |
Stomach cancer | 67 | 0.92 | 0.70 to 1.14 | 75 | 1.16 | 0.90 to 1.43 | 54 | 0.97 | 0.71 to 1.19 |
Accidents(transportation)‡ | 33 | 0.60 | 0.39 to 0.80 | 87 | 0.94 | 0.74 to 1.13 | 64 | 0.97 | 0.73 to 1.17 |
*SMRs calculated using national rates for USA, UK and Finland, adjusted for age/gender/calendar time.
†CI excludes 1.
‡Restricted to the USA and UK, no rates available for Finland.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.