Table 2

HRFs among employees with and without WC claims

HRF characteristicsOverall (N=16 926)No claim (n=16 393)Claim (n=533)
With HRFWithout HRF
Per cent+Per cent+Per cent+Mean cost ($)SDMean cost ($)SD
Lifestyle factors
Alcohol use, excessive888$6859$24 261$3737$11 802
Drinking and driving, yes*181915$6167$19 801$3583$11 561
Exercise, inadequate363635$4119$11 964$3891$13 744
Fruits/vegetable intake, poor333333$4085$15 173$3914$12 023
Helmet use, poor191921$4830$16 480$3740$12 097
Lifting practices, poor414139$3993$10 850$3957$14 431
Seat belt use, poor*212026$5235$19 536$3525$9945
Secondhand smoke, yes*151421$4474$18 216$3837$11 441
Sleep, poor454549$4121$15 739$3829$10 112
Smoker, currently*131318$5010$19 090$3743$11 443
Psychosocial factors
Anxiety, chronic181819$5273$18 870$3666$11 401
Depression, yes212022$5617$18 708$3508$11 068
Job health culture, excellent373735$2828$9297$2743$11.895
Job health culture, good444548$3089$13 476$2473$8352
Job health culture, fair151514$2029$7108$2911$11 729
Job health culture, poor443$1296$2616$2826$11 317
Stress at home, yes181819$3030$7479$4185$14 114
Stress at work, yes313032$4963$17 306$3494$10 565
Stress over finances, yes*636367$3726$13 785$4476$11 715
Health condition factors
Arthritis, yes†151517$6427$21 302$3458$10 647
Asthma, yes111111$4723$11 532$3883$13 323
Back pain, yes222225$5096$17 908$3579$11 114
Blood pressure, high141414$3503$10 438$4049$13 544
BMI, abnormal*595863$4460$15 081$3122$8786
Cancer, yes333$4322$7595$3961$13 261
Cholesterol, high161616$5206$14 725$3737$12 821
Dental examination, no*292932$3406$9329$4238$14 601
Diabetes, yes*†446$12 074$34 346$3488$10 519
Digestive disorder, yes*151519$5329$15 671$3649$12 464
Fatigue, chronic†191922$5758$19 529$3479$10 718
Headaches, severe252527$5356$17 634$3453$10 983
Heart disease, yes112$1709$1346$4010$13 247
Irritable bowel disorder, yes121212$2934$6395$4112$13 805
Lung disease, yes334$2677$5977$4027$13 362
Osteoporosis, yes333$8586$18 336$3855$12 986
Overall health, excellent*161614$2309$6888$2848$11 686
Overall health, very good*424336$2792$11 347$2757$10 993
Overall health, good*343443$3040$12 748$2591$9905
Overall health, fair*776$2134$6610$2817$11 383
Overall health, poor*111$1787$3120$2777$11 156
Physical examination, no232324$3908$14 216$3991$12 082
Stroke, yes111$1838$1636$3991$13 199
• +Per cents are calculated based on the total sample size for each column. For example, among employees who filed a WC claim (n=533), 67% of them experienced stress over finances.

• 2 test p<0.05, Ho: Employee HRF status is independent of prior WC status.

• †t-Test p<0.05, Ho: Mean total WC cost is not significantly different among claimants with and without HRF.

• BMI, body mass index; HRF, health risk factor; WC, workers' compensation.