Main effect of PM2.5 (mg/m3) on acceleration capacity (AC; ms) and deceleration capacity (DC; ms) without adjustment for hourly pre-exposures from the linear mixed effect response-lagged models with 48 participants
| AC* | DC | |
|---|---|---|
| Parameter | (95% CI) | (95% CI) |
| Models | ||
| No lag | 1.46 (1.00 to 1.92) | −1.00 (−0.53 to −1.46) |
| 1 h lag† | 0.73 (0.26 to 1.20) | −0.40 (0.08 to −0.87) |
| 2 h lag† | −0.29 (−0.83 to 0.24) | 0.65 (1.22 to 0.07) |
| 3 h lag† | −0.34 (−0.92 to 0.25) | 0.52 (1.15 to −0.12) |
Bold values indicate significant associations (p<0.05). Models are adjusted for age, smoker status, actively smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, time of day and season of ECG reading, and baseline AC or DC.
*AC is measured on a negative scale; therefore, a 1 mg/m3 increase in PM2.5 results in a decrease in AC by 1.46 ms (on a negative scale) for the association without any lag.
†Lagged models adjust for exposure time points before the lags. For example, a 1 hour lag model also adjusts for PM2.5 measurements in the preceding hour before the exposure time point of interest.