Main results of the studies on psychoactive substance use by truck drivers analysed in biological samples
| Study | Alcohol | Amphetamine/ methamphetamine | Cannabinoids | Cocaine metabolites | Other substances |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lund et al7 | 0.6% | 2.2% | 14.8% | 2.2% | Phenylpropanolamine/ephedrine/pseudoephedrine: 12.0% |
| Phentermine: 3.2% | |||||
| Mongkolsirichaikul et al12 | NA | 82.5% | NA | NA | NA |
| Crouch et al8 | 12.5% | 7.1% | 12.5% | 8.3% | Caffeine: 32.7% |
| Codeine: 0.6% | |||||
| Ephedrine: 4.2% | |||||
| Phenylpropanolamine: 0.6% | |||||
| Pseudoephedrine: 3.0% | |||||
| Couper et al15 | 0.3% | 1.4% | 3.3% | 1.1% | Caffeine: 93.4% |
| Ephedrine/pseudoephedrine: 5.5% | |||||
| Phentermine: 0.6% | |||||
| Opiates/opioids: 2.2% | |||||
| Couper et al15 | 2.2% | 2.0% | 5.0% | 1.1% | Caffeine: 94.1% |
| Ephedrine/pseudoephedrine: 6.7% | |||||
| Opiates/opioids: 1.1% | |||||
| Phentermine: 0.4% | |||||
| Drummer et al16 | 8.6% | NA | 6.5% | NA | Benzodiazepines: 0.7% |
| Opioids: 0.7% | |||||
| Silva et al17 | NA | 4.8% | 0.27% | 0.27% | NA |
| Drummer et al22 | 0.1% | 1.4% | 2.5% | NA | NA |
| Snowden et al24 | 3.3% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Labat et al6 | 5.0% | 0.3% | 8.5% | 0.1% | Benzodiazepines: 0.4% |
| Buprenorphine: 1.8% | |||||
| Opiates: 4.1% | |||||
| Methadone: 0.5% | |||||
| Mieczkowski32 | NA | 0.14%* | 0.21%† | 0.27%† | NA |
| 0.35%* | 2.12%* | ||||
| Gjerde et al35 | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.8% | Codeine: 0.2% |
| Leyton et al36 | NA | 6.0% | 1.1% | 2.2% | NA |
| Gates et al40 | NA | 2.3% | NA | 0.7% | Benzoylecgonine: 0.6% |
| Phentermine: 0.1% | |||||
| Chlorphentermine: 0.1% | |||||
| Yonamine et al38 | 1.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.6% | NA |
*Hair.
†Urine.
NA, not available.